Elk Distribution and Modeling in Relation to Roads

Rowland, Mary M.; Wisdom, Michael J.; Johnson, Bruce K.; Kie, John G.

doi:10.2307/3802737

Cited by 132 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…The most commonly reported interactions included displacement or avoidance where animals were reported as altering their use of habitats in response to roads or road networks (Cassier and Groves 1990, Hutto 1995, Johnson et al 2000, Klein 1993, Mace et al 1996, 1998 (fig. 2).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Creel et al (2002) reported elevated levels of stress hormones in elk in Yellowstone National Park when they were exposed to snowmobile activity. In addition, Millspaugh et al (2001) , Cassier et al 1992, Freddy et al 1986, Johnson et al 2000, Ward et al 1980. b Sources: Canfield et al 1999, Cassier et al 1992, Cole et al 1997, Creel et al 2002, Ferguson and Keith 1982, Johnson et al 2000, Lyon 1983, Millspaugh et al 2001, Phillips and Alldredge 2000, Roloff 1998, Roloff et al 2001, Rowland et al 2000, Schultz and Bailey 1978, Ward 1976, Ward et al 1980.…”

Section: Hemionus) White-tailed Deer (O Virginianus) Elk (Cervus Ementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, ungulates respond to recreational activities by avoiding areas near roads, recreation trails, and other types of human activities (tables 7 and 8) (Cassier et al 1992, Ferguson and Keith 1982, Freddy et al 1986, Leslie and Douglas 1980, MacArthur et al 1982, Papouchis et al 2001, Rowland et al 2000. Human activities are of particular concern for ungulates when they occur on their winter ranges or where young are reared (Canfield et al 1999).…”

Section: Hemionus) White-tailed Deer (O Virginianus) Elk (Cervus Ementioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the cumulative effects of linear recreation routes on wildlife habitats on the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests.

Gaines¹,

Singleton²,

Ross³

2003

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We conducted a literature review to document the effects of linear recreation routes on focal wildlife species. We identified a variety of interactions between focal species and roads, motorized trails, and nonmotorized trails. We used the available science to develop simple geographic information system-based models to evaluate the cumulative effects of recreational routes on habitats for focal wildlife species for a portion of the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests in the state of Washington. This process yielded a basis for the consistent evaluation of the cumulative effects of roads and recreation trails on wildlife habitats, and identified information gaps for future research and monitoring. We suggest that managers use an adaptive management approach to address wildlife and recreation interactions because of the complexity and uncertainty of these issues.Keywords: Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests, linear recreation routes, focal wildlife species, cumulative effects. SummaryWe conducted a literature review to document the effects of linear recreation routes (roads, motorized trails, nonmotorized trails, designated and groomed ski and snowmobile routes) on wildlife and to assess the current level of human influences on focal wildlife species habitats on a portion of the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests in the state of Washington. The assessment consisted of seven steps: (1) identification of wildlife species and groups, ( 2) identification of focal species within each wildlife group, (3) identification of the road-and trail-associated factors for each focal species, (4) development of assessment processes and geographic information system (GIS) models to evaluate the influence of road-and trail-associated factors on focal species habitats, (5) application of the models to assess the current conditions of focal species habitats, (6) identification of information gaps, and (7) monitoring and adaptive management. Completion of this process yields a basis for the consistent evaluation of the cumulative effects of roads and recreation trails on wildlife habitats relative to the existing baseline conditions.We identified 238 articles on the effects of recreation trails, roads, and related subjects on wildlife. Of these, 183 articles were used to identify the interactions between roads and recreation trails and 29 focal wildlife species. These articles included technical publications, books, agency publications, theses, and dissertations.There is more science available to describe the interactions between focal wildlife species and roads than between focal species and recreation trails. Much of the research has been focused on wide-ranging carnivores and ungulates. Other lesser known species could benefit from additional research on the effects of roads, especially for less mobile species where roads may inhibit movements or fragment habitats. The most common reported interactions included displacement and avoidance where animals were reported as altering their use of habitats in response to road...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hemionus) White-tailed Deer (O Virginianus) Elk (Cervus Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hemionus) White-tailed Deer (O Virginianus) Elk (Cervus Ementioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the cumulative effects of linear recreation routes on wildlife habitats on the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests.

Gaines¹,

Singleton²,

Ross³

2003

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“…The maximum distances to road, railroad, and snowmobile trail were set to 3 km based on the presumption that moose do not respond to these anthropogenic features or human disturbance beyond 3 km. Similar analyses for other mammals including elk (Rowland et al 2000), lynx (Kolbe et al 2007) caribou (Preisler et al 2006), and mule deer (e.g., Sawyer et al 2006Sawyer et al , 2009) have seen maximum effects at distances <3 km.…”

Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 75%

Effects of winter recreation on northern ungulates with focus on moose (Alces alces) and snowmobiles

et al. 2013

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Winter recreation can displace ungulates to poor habitats, which may raise their energy expenditure and lower individual survivorship, causing population declines. Winter recreation could be benign, however, if animals habituate. Moreover, recreation creates trails. Traveling on them could reduce energy expenditure, thereby increasing ungulate survivorship and generating population benefits. Balancing recreation use with wildlife stewardship requires identifying when these effects occur. This task would be simpler if guidelines existed to inform assessments. We developed and tested such guidelines using two approaches. First, we synthesized literature describing the effects of winter recreation-motorized and nonmotorized-on northern ungulates. This synthesis enabled formulating six guidelines, while exposing two requiring further attention (ungulate habituation and displacement). Second, we tested these two guidelines and evaluated the others by quantifying the behavioral responses of moose to snowmobiles, in two areas of south-central Alaska, differing by snowmobile predictability. For each location, we modeled moose preferences during the snowmobile period using different combinations of eight variables-static (elevation and slope), biotic (habitat and cover), and anthropogenic (distance to roads, railroads, snowmobile trails, and trail density). We identified the model with the most support and used it to estimate parameter coefficients for pre-and post-recreation periods. Changes in coefficients between periods indicated snowmobile effects on moose. Overall, we produced and evaluated six guidelines describing when winter recreation is potentially detrimental to ungulates as follows: (1) when unpredictable, (2) spanning large areas, (3) long in duration, (4) large spatial footprint, (5) nonmotorized, and (6) when animals are displaced to poor quality habitats.

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“…We considered vegetation and topography because they represent cover for many ungulate species and affect important aspects of ungulate biology and behaviour (Coughenour 1991;Mysterud and Ostbye 1999). Human disturbance also plays an important role because it may affect red deer movements (Conner et al 2001), behaviour (Hodgetts et al 1998) and distribution (Rowland et al 2000), and we modelled it with derived variables such as distance from roads and villages. We considered also the variable distance from rivers, because suitable corridors for red deer may be localized near rivers (Patthey 2003).…”

Section: Habitat Suitability Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Where do we go from here? Dispersal simulations shed light on the role of landscape structure in determining animal redistribution after reintroduction

et al. 2011

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Reintroduction projects represent viable options for animal conservation. They allow the establishment of new local populations and may contribute to recreating functional networks within a metapopulation. In the latter case, landscape connectivity may be a major determinant of the phase of spread of the reintroduced populations.Here, we deal with an example of a red deer (Cervus elaphus) translocation planned to enable the connection among existing isolated populations of the species in the Italian Alps. Our aim was to assess whether the analysis of landscape suitability and the simulation of dispersal of released individuals could shed light on the actual process of population spread. For these purposes, we adopted a modelling approach using radiotracking data to develop a habitat suitability map. On the basis of this map, we simulated the dispersal of the animals after release and we then compared the simulation results with the outcome of null models and with the observed population redistribution.The results suggest that the spread of the subpopulation was easier north-westward than southward. Taking into account landscape suitability, our simulations produced a reliable estimate of the ease of colonization of the valleys neighbouring the release-site and they allowed the identification and validation of a potential pathway for animal dispersal. The suitability model based on the monitoring of individuals in the earliest phase of establishment shed light on the spread of the population and on its potential connections with other deer subpopulations.

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Elk Distribution and Modeling in Relation to Roads

Cited by 132 publications

References 20 publications

Assessing the cumulative effects of linear recreation routes on wildlife habitats on the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests.

Assessing the cumulative effects of linear recreation routes on wildlife habitats on the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests.

Effects of winter recreation on northern ungulates with focus on moose (Alces alces) and snowmobiles

Where do we go from here? Dispersal simulations shed light on the role of landscape structure in determining animal redistribution after reintroduction

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