Elimination of visual field effects by use of a single report technique: Evidence for order-of-report artifact.

Smith, Marylin C.; Ramunas, Susan

doi:10.1037/h0030183

Cited by 47 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The results of the above single-report tasks are seemingly at odds with findings from single-report visuospatial probe tasks which have obtained a symmetrical W-shaped stimulus position function (Haber & Standing, 1969;Merikle, Lowe, & Coltheart, 1971;Smith & Ramunas, 1971). Traditionally, the results of such single-report tasks have been interpreted solely in terms of structural component factors, such as visual acuity and lateral inhibition of adjacent contours.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…In comparing the results of Experiment 3 with those of previous single-report cue-delay studies which have failed to obtain reliable left-right field differences in the longer delay conditions (Haber & Standing, 1969;Smith & Ramunas, 1971), it should be noted that these prior studies have randomized levels of cue delay over trials as a within-subjects manipulation. This type of design may result in a strategy of delaying initiation of processing on some trials until cue presentation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Stimulus position functions in tachistoscopic identification tasks: Scanning, rehearsal, and order of report

Schwantes

1978

Perception & Psychophysics

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Three experiments were conducted to investigate the locus of attentional control under the information-overload conditions stemming from tachistoscopic presentation of a horizontally arranged row of letters. In Experiment 1, left-right visual field accuracy differences were greater in a whole-than in a single-report task, reflecting a pronounced influence of report order bias effects. However, accuracy in the single-report task, which is relatively unaffected by report order biases, also declined from left to right across stimulus positions. In Experiment 2, single-report task requirements which provided an opportunity for rehearsal had negligible effects on the shape of the stimulus-position function. In Experiment 3, the leftright accuracy differences were observed to vary as a function of cue delay interval in a single-report visuospatial probe task. The degree of left-field superiority was negligible with a short delay interval, and much greater with longer delay intervals. The results are discussed in terms of a cognitive scanning operation.Within an information processing approach, it is typically assumed that certain aspects of the perceptualmemory system may be easily overloaded. Consequently, all of the information presented within a multiple-item stimulus display, or within a brief temporal span, may not always be correctly reported. It is usually assumed, further, that the correctly reported items may have received some type of processing priority over other items. The present research is addressed to the relative effects of such processing biases within different stages of information analysis. In attempting to localize operations during which some information may receive additional processing while other information is lost or interfered with, varying degrees of emphasis have been placed upon the transmission, storage, and output components of the information flow system. One of the experimental procedures which has been used to investigate the locus of initial processing biases is the tachistoscopic whole-report task. In this task, accuracy has typically been observed to decline in correspondence with the left-to-right spatial positions of a horizontally arranged, bilaterally displayed stimulus sequence.The notion that such effects may be accounted for via attentional processes operating during transmission has been elaborated upon in terms of a cognitive scanning strategy (Bryden, 1967;Heron, 1957). This attentional process is assumed to direct the sequence in which units of visual information components are Requests for reprints should be sent to Frederick ;-'1. Schwantes,

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Stimulus position functions in tachistoscopic identification tasks: Scanning, rehearsal, and order of report

Schwantes

1978

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…The function relating accuracy of report to stimulus position in the string is W-shaped, but there is a strong interaction with order of report or order of cognitive scanning. This causes the normally encountered performance enhancement on the lefthand side (Bryden, 1966;Haber & Standing, 1969;Merikle, Coltheart, & Lowe, 1971;Schwantes, 1978;Smith & Ramunas, 1971). The W shape found is completely in line with the present findings on interference operative in letter recognition in strings.…”

Section: Visual Interference and Letter Recognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initial and final letters are less subject to interference, but it is a curious phenomenon that the letters furthest removed from the fovea are best recognized. The robustness of these sensory effects, the foveal acuity effect and lateral interference effects (Bouma, 1970;Merikle, Coltheart, & Lowe, 1971), even after report delays of up to 2 sec (Smith & Ramunas, 1971) seems to leave little room for the effects of control mechanisms (Schwantes, 1978) except for the apparent left-to-right processing when about eight stimuli have to be recalled.…”

Section: Visual Interference and Letter Recognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual word recognition of three-letter words as derived from the recognition of the constituent letters

Bouwhuis¹,

Bouma²

1979

Perception & Psychophysics

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Word recognition is one of the basic processes involved in reading. In this connection, a model for word recognition is proposed consisting of a perceptual and a decision stage. It is supposed that, in the perceptual stage, the formation of possible words proceeds by separate identification of each of the letters of the stimulus word in their positions. Letter perception is taken to be conditional on position because of interaction effects from neighboring letters. These effects are dependent on both position in the word and retinal eccentricity, which are of particular relevance in reading. The letter-based approach rests on the strong relationship between the results from single-letter recognition in meaningless strings and in real words. Next, in the decision step, the many alternatives generated in the perceptual stage are matched with a vocabulary of real words. It is supposed that the final choice from among the remaining words is made in accordance with the constant ratio rule; frequency effects are not separately incorporated in the model. All predictions of the model are generated by means of data from earlier experiments. Despite being not optimally suited for this purpose, the predictions compare favorably with responses in word-recognition experiments.In this article, a model is reported which describes the recognition of single words of three letters on the basis of the perception of the constituent letters. The model explains more fully the results of an earlier, extensive experiment on the recognition of letters and words carried out by Bouma (1973), which was part of a general investigation of visual processes involved in normal reading. In that experiment, an attempt was made to determine which attributes of words contribute to word recognition, particular attention being paid to explaining the role of initial and final letters of words. In addition, the experiment studied how the perception of a letter in a word related to that of the same letter in a meaningless string of the same length.Full implementation of the model made it necessary to run a supplementary experiment on the recognition of middle letters in meaningless strings. Having already obtained data on initial-and final-letter recognition (Bouma, 1973), quantitative predictions could then be attempted for words consisting of three letters. The experiments were restricted to parafoveally presented words. Under reading-like situations, fixated words can always be correctly perceived and consequently yield no information on the attributes mediating their perception. Since all words in a text shift under the reader's eye, all are at one or more times parafoveal.We owe many thanks to Mr. A. L. M. van Rens who collected the data in the experiments, to Mr. J. C. Jacobs for participating in the tedious phase of the model testing, and to Dr. C. Schiepers, who assisted in the compilation of the word vocabulary.Copyright © 1979 PsychonomicSociety, Inc. 12The manner in which the perception of letters operates in word recognition, according to th...

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“…When an array of letters crosses into both visual fields (bilaterally), with central fixation, the shape of the percentage correct response curve becomes task dependent. In partial-report experiments, subjects are required to identify a single or selected probed item and the response curve assumes the shape of a W, indicating that performance is highest and reaction time is fastest at the center and extreme ends of the display (Haber & Standing, 1969;Hershenson, 1969;Lefton, 1974;Lefton & Haber, 1974;Merikle, Lowe, & Coltheart, 1971;Smith & Ramunas, 1971). In full-report experiments, subjects are required to report all items and the response curve tends to be asymmetrical, i.e., accuracy decreasing and reaction time increasing from left to right (Bryden, 1967;Crovitz & Schiffman, 1965; This research was supported by grants from the National Institute of Education (NE-G-00-3.Q017) and the U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory and Army Research Offices .…”

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confidence: 99%

Left-to-right processing of alphabetic material is independent of retinal location

Lefton

Fisher

Kuhn

1978

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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The effects of retinal location, serial letter position, and order of approximation to English on the accuracy of report of tachistoscopically presented letter arrays were examined. Processing time was controlled by a visual mask. The results show the following: (1) Overall accuracy is higher for arrays which appeared symmetrically around a central fixation point than for arrays which appeared either in the right or left visual field. (2) The first and last letters of an array are identified with the greatest accuracy except with symmetrical arrays.

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Elimination of visual field effects by use of a single report technique: Evidence for order-of-report artifact.

Cited by 47 publications

References 16 publications

Stimulus position functions in tachistoscopic identification tasks: Scanning, rehearsal, and order of report

Stimulus position functions in tachistoscopic identification tasks: Scanning, rehearsal, and order of report

Visual word recognition of three-letter words as derived from the recognition of the constituent letters

Left-to-right processing of alphabetic material is independent of retinal location

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