Elicitation and reduction of fear: behavioural and neuroendocrine indices and brain induction of the immediate-early gene c-fos

Regional Differentiation of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Regulating Adaptive Responses to Acute Emotional Stress

“…Stressors of this type activate a seemingly stereotyped set of highly interconnected cell groups in the limbic forebrain, including aspects of the septum, amygdala, bed nucleus, hippocampus, and mPFC (Cullinan et al, 1995;Campeau et al, 1997;Li and Sawchenko, 1998;Dayas et al, 2001). Each of these regions has been implicated in the positive or negative regulation of the HPA axis via neuronal mechanisms and/or as targets of glucocorticoid negative feedback (Sapolsky et al, 1984;Kovacs and Makara, 1988;Herman et al, 2003Herman et al, , 2005.…”

The rat perirhinal cortex: A review of anatomy, physiology, plasticity, and function

“…Fear conditioning tasks can be quite varied with different studies using different forms of stimuli across the various sensory modalities to condition subjects and visual, auditory, olfactory, and contextual paradigms have all been explored in the general fear conditioning literature and a number of studies have implicated the perirhinal cortex in visual (Rosen et al, 1992;Campeau et al, 1997;Shi and Davis, 2001), auditory (Campeau et al, 1997;Sacchetti et al, 1999;Kyuhou et al, 2003;Bruchey and GonzalezLima, 2006;Kholodar-Smith et al, 2008a,b;Bang and Brown, 2009a,b), olfactory Otto, 1997, 1998;Otto et al, 2000) and contextual fear conditioning (Sacchetti et al, 1999;Bucci et al, 2000;Burwell et al, 2004a;Kholodar-Smith et al, 2008a,b;SchulzKlaus, 2009). Electrophysiological recordings made in the perirhinal cortex during trace conditioning using auditory stimuli (Furtak et al, 2007c) and immediate early gene imaging shows increased levels of c-Fos in the perirhinal cortex following a fear conditioning task (Campeau et al, 1997).…”

“…Electrophysiological recordings made in the perirhinal cortex during trace conditioning using auditory stimuli (Furtak et al, 2007c) and immediate early gene imaging shows increased levels of c-Fos in the perirhinal cortex following a fear conditioning task (Campeau et al, 1997). Antagonism of perirhinal muscarinic acetylcholinergic receptors using scopolamine has been shown to disrupt trace conditioning using auditory stimuli (Bang and Brown, 2009a).…”

“…Overall, this points to an associative role for the perirhinal cortex and, as in recognition memory, contextual processing most likely require interaction with the amygdala (Romanski and LeDoux, 1992b;Campeau and Davis, 1995;Sacchetti et al, 1999Sacchetti et al, , 2007, thalamus (Romanski and LeDoux, 1992a,b;Sacchetti et al, 1999;Shi and Davis, 2001), medial prefrontal cortex (Goldstein et al, 1994;Campeau et al, 1997;Sacchetti et al, 2002) or the hippocampus (Phillips and LeDoux, 1995;Sacchetti et al, 1999). However, the perirhinal cortex's role in recognition memory cannot be discounted as recognition and familiarity do seem to be part of the perirhinal cortex's role in fear conditioning; the rostral ventral perirhinal cortex shows increased c-Fos expression when the animal is exposed to previously acquired (i.e.…”

Amygdala Regulation of Immediate-Early Gene Expression in the Hippocampus Induced by Contextual Fear Conditioning

“…Moreover, infusions of Arc antisense oligodeoxynucleotides into hippocampus can impair the maintenance of long-term potentiation and memory for place learning (Guzowski et al, 2001), as well as inhibitory avoidance learning (McIntyre et al, 2005). A variety of learning experiences are known to induce c-fos (Hughes and Dragunow, 1995;Herrera and Robertson, 1996;Campeau et al, 1997;Tischmeyer and Grimm, 1999;MontagSallaz and Buonviso, 2002). Moreover, intrahippocampal blockade of c-fos protein product with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides impairs memory for brightness discrimination learning (Grimm et al, 1997) and spatial water-maze training in rats (Guzowski, 2002).…”