ELF - EMF correlation study on distance from Overhead Transmission Lines and acute leukemia among children in klang Valley, Malaysia

Hakim, Amr S. Ba; Rahman, Nazaruddin Abd; Mokhtar, M.; Said, I.; Hussain, H.

doi:10.1109/iecbes.2014.7047600

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…MFs are not the only factor that varies in the vicinity of MF sources, complicating interpretation of any associations. Several reports demonstrate that MFs that are generated by different sources are not an important cause of leukemia both in adults [37,113,114] and children in many geographical areas [12,[113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120]. Moreover, exposure levels in some big cities are always significantly far lower than 0.3-0.4 µT [121].…”

Section: Leukemiasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Fields and Cancer: Epidemiology, Cellular Biology, and Theranostics

Maffei

2022

IJMS

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Humans are exposed to a complex mix of man-made electric and magnetic fields (MFs) at many different frequencies, at home and at work. Epidemiological studies indicate that there is a positive relationship between residential/domestic and occupational exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and some types of cancer, although some other studies indicate no relationship. In this review, after an introduction on the MF definition and a description of natural/anthropogenic sources, the epidemiology of residential/domestic and occupational exposure to MFs and cancer is reviewed, with reference to leukemia, brain, and breast cancer. The in vivo and in vitro effects of MFs on cancer are reviewed considering both human and animal cells, with particular reference to the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS). MF application on cancer diagnostic and therapy (theranostic) are also reviewed by describing the use of different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications for the detection of several cancers. Finally, the use of magnetic nanoparticles is described in terms of treatment of cancer by nanomedical applications for the precise delivery of anticancer drugs, nanosurgery by magnetomechanic methods, and selective killing of cancer cells by magnetic hyperthermia. The supplementary tables provide quantitative data and methodologies in epidemiological and cell biology studies. Although scientists do not generally agree that there is a cause-effect relationship between exposure to MF and cancer, MFs might not be the direct cause of cancer but may contribute to produce ROS and generate oxidative stress, which could trigger or enhance the expression of oncogenes.

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Section: Leukemiasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Fields and Cancer: Epidemiology, Cellular Biology, and Theranostics

Maffei

2022

IJMS

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“…We primarily focussed on the peer-reviewed literature, but in practice, there is one study known to us [41] published only in conference proceedings, and we include it anyway. We did not restrict the search to English language papers.…”

Section: Study Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes over time in the reported risk for childhood leukaemia and magnetic fields

2019

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There have been many studies from 1979 to the present reporting raised risks for childhood leukaemia with exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields. There are also suggestions that the reported risk has been decreasing. We examine trends in the risk over time from all available studies. For 41 studies, we combine reported risks using inverse-variance weighting, drawing risk estimates from previous pooled analyses where possible for greater consistency. We examine the cumulative risk for studies published up to each successive calendar year for all studies and for various subsets, and test for a trend over the period. The cumulative relative risk has indeed declined, for our most rigorous analysis from a maximum 2.44 in 1997 to 1.58 in 2017, but not statistically significantly when tested as a linear trend. We find suggestions of higher risks in studies looking at higher exposures and in studies with better quality exposure assessment. We conclude that there is a decline in reported risk from the mid 1990s to now, which is unlikely to be solely explained by improving study quality but may be due to chance, and an elevated risk remains.

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“…Table 1 presents the data extracted from all 33 studies. There were 30 case-control studies, and all except one [21] were matched case-control studies. The other three studies had a cohort design [38,50,57].…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They were also pooled analyses based on only 10 studies of ELF-MFs exposure and childhood brain tumors [4], and nine and seven studies on ELF-MFs and childhood leukemia [5,14]. Additionally, 12 studies have been conducted since those analyzes [12,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Therefore, the pooled analyses need to be updated with the results from recent studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and childhood cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2021

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Background Extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) are classified as a possible carcinogenic factor (Group 2B). This study assessed the association between ELF-MFs and childhood cancer through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods Three databases were searched in January 2020. We conducted a meta-analysis for the association between the ELF-MFs exposure level and childhood cancer. Results A total of 33 studies were identified. Thirty studies with 186,223 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Children exposed to 0.2-, 0.3-, and 0.4-μT ELF-MFs had a 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–1.49), 1.22 (95% CI 0.93–1.61), and 1.72 (95% CI 1.25–2.35) times higher odds of childhood leukemia. In childhood brain tumors, children exposed to 0.2-μT had a 0.95 (95% CI 0.59–1.56) times higher odds, and those exposed to 0.4-μT ELF-MFs had a 1.25 (95% CI 0.93–1.61). Children exposed to 0.2- and 0.4-μT ELF-MFs had a 1.10 (95% CI 0.70–1.75) and 2.01 (95% CI 0.89–4.52) times higher odds of any childhood cancers. Conclusions Significant associations were observed between exposure to ELF-MFs and childhood leukemia. Furthermore, a possible dose-response effect was also observed.

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ELF - EMF correlation study on distance from Overhead Transmission Lines and acute leukemia among children in klang Valley, Malaysia

Cited by 4 publications

References 14 publications

Magnetic Fields and Cancer: Epidemiology, Cellular Biology, and Theranostics

Magnetic Fields and Cancer: Epidemiology, Cellular Biology, and Theranostics

Changes over time in the reported risk for childhood leukaemia and magnetic fields

Exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and childhood cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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