Elevated White Blood Cell Count Worsens Proteinuria but Not Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate: The Kansai Healthcare Study

Abstract

Background/Aims: No prospective studies have estimated the association between white blood cell (WBC) count and the risk of proteinuria. We prospectively examined the relationships of WBC count, as a marker of inflammation, with two outcomes: proteinuria and low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Methods: We enrolled 10,008 Japanese men aged 40–55 years who had neither proteinuria nor low eGFR and were not taking antihypertensive medications at entry. Proteinuria was defined as 1+ or higher on urine dipstick. Low eGFR was defined if eGFR was <60 ml/min/1.73 m². Results: During the 49,644 person-years of follow-up, 1,557 cases of proteinuria were confirmed. After adjusting for age, body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, antidiabetic medications, alcohol consumption, smoking, regular leisure-time physical activity and eGFR, the highest quintile (≧7.51 × 10³/µl) of WBC count was independently associated with an increased risk of incidence of proteinuria [HR: 1.45 (95% CI: 1.23–1.73)] compared with the lowest quintile (≤4.80 × 10³/µl). On the other hand, during 52,833 person-years, we confirmed 439 cases of low eGFR. In multivariate models, there was no association between WBC count and low eGFR. Conclusion: Elevated WBC count was independently associated with an increased risk of proteinuria, but not low eGFR.

Association between Serum Creatinine and Periodontal Disease Severity&mdash;A Comparative Clinicobiochemical Study

“…21 The SCR levels are greatly unaffected by typical diet. 22,23 Since creatinine is derived from skeletal muscle, the levels may directly correlate with the body mass. 24 A study conducted in athletes demonstrated a direct relationship between SCR concentration and BMI.…”

Effect of Oral Infections on Serum Creatinine Levels in Diabetic Rats

“…We measured creatinine levels in the rat serum with the Jaffé method, similar to other studies [19,24,25,29]. The traditional method for detecting creatinine is based on a modified Jaffé reaction, which is widely used in both laboratory and clinical detection.…”

“…Any condition that impairs the function of the kid-ney will likely increase the creatinine level in the blood. Changes in creatinine levels have been linked with dia-betes [29,43,44], periodontal disease [33], acute infec-tious meningitis [25], hyperkinetic phase of sepsis [23,24], kidney disease, kidney transplant, and oral health status [30,45,46].…”

“…The samples were placed in EDTA and immediately transferred to a technician who was blinded to case status. Serum creatinine was measured by the Jaffé method [19,24,25,29]. The Jaffé reaction is based on the yellow-orange color produced by creatinine reacting with alkaline picrate, which is measured at 492 nm.…”

“…Creatinine is the preferred marker for renal dysfunc-tion and is readily available in clinical laboratory set-tings [22]. Being an indicator of decreased kidney function, serum creatinine levels are largely unaffected by a typical diet, and are thus used as markers of renal function [23,24]. Creatinine is a byproduct of muscle metabolism and typically remains in a steady state bal-anced out by renal elimination [22].…”