Elevated urinary Na/K ratio among Lebanese elementary school children is attributable to low K intake

Mallah, Carla El; Merhi, Karina; Ghattas, Hala; Shatila, Dareen; Francis, Sirine; Hlais, Sani; Toufeili, Imad; Obeid, Omar

doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1164-6

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…A similar finding was also described in studies on Indonesian older women that Na intake from the dietary method was less than that in urine; on the other hand, K intake from the dietary method was greater than that in urine [27]. Another paucity of this study is that we applied spot urines rather than 24 h urinary excretion, although these methods have been validated and performed by a previous study [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…Other authors have reported higher K intakes than those in our study. A potassium intake of 46.6 ± 23.02 mg/d was reported in Lebanese subjects [21], Grimes et al [31] in the SONIC study recorded 54 ± 2 mg/dl, and Oliveira et al [40] reported an average of 43 mmol/d on 8% of children who met the WHO recommendation for K intake. However, our finding is similar to that of two previous studies demonstrating mean K intake in children was approximately 1000mg/d; Kristbjornsdottir et al [41] showed an average of 1210 mg/d (31 mmol/d) for subjects aged 6 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Twenty-four-hour urine collection is gold standard to assess dietary Na and K; however, this method is difficult to perform and not convenient in studies involving children [19]. Spot urine Na and K are well documented and proven accurately in predicting 24 h urinary Na and K levels among adults and children [20, 21]. In Indonesia, most studies assessing Na and K intake were performed with dietary assessment methods; no data were available for obtaining these nutrients in children by urinary excretion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Highlighting of Urinary Sodium and Potassium among Indonesian Schoolchildren Aged 9–12 Years: The Contribution of School Food

Farapti

Sulistyowati

Artanti

et al. 2019

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism

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Background. Sodium (Na) and potassium (K), the essential nutrients, have vital role in promoting cellular growth including growth and development of children. Excessive Na intake and inadequate K consumption, which consequently increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, have been reported. Spot electrolyte urine was highly correlated and validated with gold standard to estimate electrolyte dietary intake. This study aimed at predicting sodium and potassium intake using morning spot urine among Indonesian schoolchildren. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 155 healthy elementary students aged 9–12 years. Spot urine samples were collected and analyzed for Na, K, and creatinine. Predicted 24 h Na and K excretions were compared to the Indonesian recommendation dietary allowances. The Na and K contribution from school food was reported by observing directly and the dietary recall method. Results. A total of 80 boys and 75 girls recruited as samples in this study demonstrated that their estimated urinary Na and K were 105.42 ± 66.05 mmol/day and 16.39 ± 12.57 mmol/day, respectively. Na intake was on average higher than recommended; meanwhile, almost all subjects showed very low compliance of K intake recommendation. Furthermore, food intake at school contributed to those conditions. Na and K content of school food contributed 33% and 29% of the daily intake of each nutrient and contributed 125% and 25% higher than the Na and K school standard, respectively. Conclusions. Indonesian schoolchildren aged 9–12 years are categorized by excessive Na intake and very deficient K intake. The present study highlights the need for policies in the environmental school setting to reduce Na intake and K intake.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Highlighting of Urinary Sodium and Potassium among Indonesian Schoolchildren Aged 9–12 Years: The Contribution of School Food

Farapti

Sulistyowati

Artanti

et al. 2019

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism

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24-h urinary sodium to potassium ratio and its association with obesity in children and adolescents

et al. 2018

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Estimation of salt intake and sodium-to-potassium ratios assessed by urinary excretion among Japanese elementary school children

Seko

Taguchi

Segawa

et al. 2017

Clinical and Experimental Hypertension

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Dietary salt intake is largely responsible for the increase in blood pressure with age. It is important to start effective prevention approaches during childhood. In this study, we estimated salt intake and sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratios assessed by urinary excretion among elementary school children in Kyoto, Japan. A total of 331 subjects aged 9-11 years participated in school checkups in April 2015. Urinary concentrations of sodium, potassium, and creatinine were measured in first morning urine samples. The subjects' dietary habits were confirmed by questionnaires completed by their parents. The median estimated urinary sodium excretion was 129.0 mmol/day (5.7g/day of salt). In 30.2% of the subjects, their estimated salt intake exceeded their age-specific dietary goal for salt intake recommended by the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2015. Multivariate linear regression model analysis after adjustment for age revealed a significant positive correlation between seaweeds or fish paste products consumption and the estimated salt intake (p = 0.02 and 0.02, respectively). The median urinary Na/K ratio (mEq/mEq) was 4.5. Multivariate linear regression model analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between fruit consumption and urinary Na/K ratio (p = 0.04). These results suggest that the high sodium intake and the high Na/K ratios occur among Japanese elementary school children, and that the urinary Na/K ratio in children may be reduced by the daily consumption of fruit.

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Elevated urinary Na/K ratio among Lebanese elementary school children is attributable to low K intake

Cited by 4 publications

References 45 publications

Highlighting of Urinary Sodium and Potassium among Indonesian Schoolchildren Aged 9–12 Years: The Contribution of School Food

Highlighting of Urinary Sodium and Potassium among Indonesian Schoolchildren Aged 9–12 Years: The Contribution of School Food

24-h urinary sodium to potassium ratio and its association with obesity in children and adolescents

Estimation of salt intake and sodium-to-potassium ratios assessed by urinary excretion among Japanese elementary school children

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