Elevated serum levels of adiponectin in children, adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes and the impact of age, gender, body mass index and metabolic control: a longitudinal study

Abstract

Objective: Adiponectin plays an important role in pathophysiology of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine adiponectin concentrations in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in a longitudinal manner and to study the impact of age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and metabolic control. Research design and methods: In this study, 88 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes were followed longitudinally. At baseline and during follow-up, serum levels of adiponectin were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay and correlated with clinical data, HbA1c and lipids. Healthy children (nZ259) were chosen as a control group. Results: Serum adiponectin levels were significantly higher in children with type 1 diabetes compared with healthy children (13.1 vs 9.1 mg/ml at baseline, P!0.001). Adiponectin concentrations inversely correlated with BMI S.D.s (P!0.001). No significant difference of adiponectin levels regarding gender, diabetes duration or HbA1c was seen. Adiponectin concentrations decreased in males with type 1 diabetes during puberty (PZ0.03) while there was no significant change in females. In a subgroup of patients with new onset type 1 diabetes, adiponectin concentrations were not different from adiponectin levels in control subjects but increased during follow-up (PZ0.007). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that most important predictors of adiponectin levels in type 1 diabetes at the end of the study were adiponectin concentration at baseline (bZ0.574, P!0.001) and BMI S.D.s (bZK0.302, PZ0.001, r 2 Z0.56). Conclusions: Children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes have BMI-dependent elevated serum concentrations of adiponectin compared with healthy children.European Journal of Endocrinology 157 481-489

Low Serum Adiponectin Levels in Children and Adolescents with Diabetic Retinopathy

“…Similar results have been reported in the literature in type I DM [5][6][7][8][9], whereas type II DM has been associated with low serum adiponectin levels [10][11][12][13]. The increase in serum adiponectin levels in type I DM, in contrast to type II DM, may be due to a lack of insulin; glucose and insulin may play an important role in the increased serum adiponectin levels observed in type I DM [5,14] However, Berg et al showed that serum adiponectin levels do not change in mice after the onset of diabetes although the insulin levels decrease dramatically [15].…”

“…We also did not find a correlation between adiponectin and TNF-α or IL-6 levels. Although many studies have described a role of TNF-α and IL-6 in insulin resistance, disturbed glucose tolerance and microangiopathy [9,[25][26][27][28][29], we were also unable to show such a relationship in our patients who had developed complications. Similar to our findings, studies have shown that serum leptin levels increase with BMI, female sex, puberty and diabetic nephropathy but do not differ between type I DM patients and healthy controls [16,[30][31][32][33].…”

The development of microalbuminuria is associated with raised longitudinal adiponectin levels in female but not male adolescent patients with type 1 diabetes

“…Earlier studies have shown higher adiponectin levels in adolescents with type 1 diabetes than in nondiabetic control participants, as well as a link between increased adiponectin levels and microalbuminuria [10]. Our study shows that these observations are modified by sex and age.…”

“…In adults with type 1 diabetes, higher adiponectin levels have been observed compared with controls [10], which, paradoxically, may be associated with microalbuminuria [11,12], reduced glomerular filtration rate [11,12], overt nephropathy and retinopathy [13]. Such observations conflict with data showing associations between insulin resistance and risk of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes [14].…”

Serum Leptin, Adiponectin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Hyperlipidemic Rats with/without Concomitant Diabetes Mellitus

“…Although plasma leptin levels are elevated in obesity and type II diabetes mellitus (DM II), they are decreased in DM I and are positively associated with body mass index (BMI) (16,17). Adiponectin levels are increased in DM I (18,19) and decreased in DM II (20)(21)(22). Obesity is also characterized by hypoadiponectinemia, because adiponectin is inversely correlated with BMI (6,(8)(9)(10)19).…”