Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a key mediator of the innate immune system and plays a crucial role in the host response to bacterial infections. Its role in immunity to intracellular pathogens has not been well studied. Here, we show that MIF released by infected human macrophages inhibits the growth of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Macrophages (M) are involved in the innate immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (16). The ability of the host response to increase the mycobactericidal activity of M is important for the development of an early effective response and for the containment of M. tuberculosis infection. The infection of M with M. tuberculosis induces the release of early proinflammatory cytokines, like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-␣) and interleukin-1 (24). However, at least in humans, the exact mechanisms by which cytokines act to contain mycobacterial growth remain unclear (17). Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was first discovered as a proinflammatory T-cell cytokine (5, 14) but was then shown to be released in substantial quantities by M as well (8). MIF has recently emerged as a key effector molecule of the innate immune responses against bacteria (3,7,9,10,22,25,26) as well as intracellular pathogens (2,18,20,29). In the present study, we provide evidence for an important role for MIF in the innate immune response against M. tuberculosis.
MIF is released by human M after incubation with M. tuberculosis antigens or infection with virulent M. tuberculosis. MIF induction by M was determined in parallel experiments by incubating cells with immunogenic M. tuberculosis antigens or with a virulent M. tuberculosis strain (H37Rv).Human M were derived from blood monocytes obtained from healthy volunteers and prepared by centrifugation over a Ficoll-Hypaque (Seromed, Biochrom, Berlin, Germany) gradient followed by a fibronectin adherence step. Monocytes were resuspended in RPMI 1640 (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) with 2 mM L-alanyl-L-glutamine (Life Technologies) and 10% fetal calf serum (PAA, Linz, Austria) and plated at 5 ϫ 10 5 cells/well on 24-well Falcon Primaria plates (Becton Dickinson, Lincoln Park, NJ).Recognition of mycobacterial products is a crucial step of the host defense response. Host-mycobacterial interactions are primarily mediated by antigens that are found on the M. tuberculosis cell wall. These particularly include lipoarabinomannan (LAM) (31) and 19-kDa lipoprotein (6). ManLAM (derived from the virulent Erdman M. tuberculosis strain) and purified M. tuberculosis 19-kDa lipoprotein were a kind gift from John T. Belisle (Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO). ManLAM was solubilized in phosphate-buffered saline. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contamination was Ͻ5 ng/mg as determined by Limulus assay.H37Rv (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) was used as the virulent M. tuberculosis strain. Mycobacteria were grown as previously described (23). M were infected for 12 and 24 h with a suspension of ...