“…Many methods have been developed for culturing aphids in the laboratory either in large numbers on growing plants (e.g. Mackauer & Bisdee, 1965;Comeau, 1976;Woolcock, 1989), or individually or in small groups on seedlings or excised leaves (e.g. Noble, 1958;Markkula & Rautap~t~, 1963;Fraval, 1968;Blackman, 1971;Di Pietro & Dedryver, 1986;Ridland et al, 1988).…”