A method for rearing cereal aphids in a small space

Austin, A.B.M.; Tatchell, G. M.; Harrington, R.; Bale, J. S.

doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1991.tb02399.x

Cited by 35 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…aphids in Blackman boxes ( Blackman, 1971 ) or Austin tubes ( Austin et al , 1991 )], it has limited usefulness in the field because it is not possible to know that one is dealing with a particular asexual lineage unless discriminating morphological characters or molecular markers are available. Prior to the advent of molecular markers in the late 1970s, there were few intraspecific markers in aphids except colour variation, often polymorphic variants, typically greens, pinks, reds and browns in, for example, the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F.).…”

Section: Clonal Definitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nature and reality of the aphid clone: genetic variation, adaptation and evolution

Loxdale

2008

Agri and Forest Entomology

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1 When aphid clones and clonality are discussed, it is still often said that they are 'genetically identical', a statement for which there is no direct evidence, and certainly not for the entire genome. By contrast, there is a growing body of empirical data from the application of high resolution molecular (DNA) markers that aphid asexual lineages rapidly mutate and that, in some documented cases, this variation is selectable, either positively or negatively. 2 Although it is true that, in enclosed conditions (e.g. laboratory or field cage), a so-called clone as defined as the asexual progeny of a single foundress may be traceable, this is rarely if ever possible in the field without the use of genetic markers, and even then, usually only at a relatively few loci (multilocus genotypes, 'MLGs'). 3 The continued use of the term clone without qualification of its true nature and the reality of its interesting biology is likely to hamper a proper understanding of the ecology and evolution of these insects (which are interesting in their own right because of their complex life histories, but also because they are important as major pests globally, both by causing direct feeding damage and by transmitting pathogenic plant viruses and thereby leading to huge economic losses in the agricultural, horticultural and forestry industries). 4 In this short review, I provide evidence of what is now known about aphid clonality after the widespread use of molecular markers, comprising information mainly gained within the last 15 years or so. 5 The data demonstrate widespread adaptation and evolution, sometimes involving introgression and hybridization. Because of this new knowledge, our ideas of what constitutes a clone are in need of serious re-evaluation.

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Section: Clonal Definitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nature and reality of the aphid clone: genetic variation, adaptation and evolution

Loxdale

2008

Agri and Forest Entomology

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“…Aphids were reared singly on cut barley leaves (Hordium vulgare cv Heligan) inside Austin tubes (Austin et al, 1991), secured in Dufaylite (Dufaylite 25.9·mmϫ9.4·mm; Dufaylite Developments Ltd, Cromwell Road, St Neots, Hants PE19 1QW, UK) in trays of water at 10±1°C with a 18·h:6·h light:dark photocycle. All nymphs used in this study were first instars, produced between days 2 and 6 of the mother's birth sequence.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low temperature acclimated populations of the grain aphidSitobion avenaeretain ability to rapidly cold harden with enhanced fitness

Powell

Bale

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY In contrast to previous studies of rapid cold-hardening (RCH), which have investigated the responses of insects maintained under `summer conditions'(20° to 25°C), this study focuses on the ability of low-temperature acclimated insects to undergo RCH. When the grain aphid Sitobion avenae Fabricus was low-temperature acclimated by rearing for three generations at 10°C, the discriminating temperatures (temperature that results in approximately 20% survival after direct transfer from the rearing temperature to a sub-zero temperature for a period of 3 h), of first instar nymphs and adult aphids were –11.5° and –12°C,respectively. Maximum rapid cold-hardening was induced by cooling aphids at 0°C for 2 h (nymphs) or 30 min (adults), resulting in survival at the respective discriminating temperatures increasing from 26% to 96% (nymphs) and 22% to 70% (adults). Cooling from 10° to 0°C at 1°, 0.1° and 0.05°C min-1 significantly increased survival of nymphs at the discriminating temperature, but not of adults. There were no `ecological costs' associated with rapid cold-hardening at 0°C, or with exposure of rapidly cold-hardened aphids to the discriminating temperatures; fecundity and longevity, in both nymphs and adults were either similar to control aphids or significantly increased. The study demonstrates that rapid cold-hardening ability is retained in aphids that have already undergone cold-acclimation, as would be the case in overwintering aphids. Both rapid cold-hardening and subsequent exposure at previously lethal temperatures can enhance fitness in surviving individuals.

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“…In both S. a enae and R. padi the asexual alate individuals were induced by crowding (Lees 1967). All clones were reared either in Blackman boxes (Blackman 1971 ; S. a enae) or as described by Austin et al (1991 ;R. padi).…”

Section: Methods (A) Insect Culturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypic variation among different phenotypes within aphid clones

Lushai

Loxdale

Brookes

et al. 1997

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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SUMMARYMost aphid species (Hemiptera : Aphididae) are parthenogenetic between periods of sexual reproduction. They are also highly polyphenic, with different adult morphs occurring in the life cycle, i . winged, wingless, asexual and sexual. It is assumed that aphids born in a parthenogenetic clonal lineage are genetically identical regardless of the final adult form (with the exception of sexual forms). Using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) we have found that different asexual adult phenotypes (winged and wingless) of some clones of two cereal aphid species (the grain aphid, Sitobion a enae (F.) and the bird-cherry aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)) may be distinguished by the presence or absence of one or more RAPD-PCR bands. In three of nine clones examined, such differences were found, and Southern blotting and hybridization of the discriminating bands confirmed these to be of aphid origin, rather than due to endosymbiotic bacteria or contaminating fungi. The main 248 and 296 bp bands, in the two species, respectively, were sequenced and found to be A\T rich. The smaller band showed 57 % homology with white striated muscle over a stretch of 90 bp. Genomic DNA treated with dimethyl sulphoxide to remove secondary structures still showed differences in RAPD-PCR profiles between winged and wingless morphs within the unusual clones. This discovery may be widespread and therefore it is important to understand the phenomenon in relation to clonal organisms.

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A method for rearing cereal aphids in a small space

Cited by 35 publications

References 12 publications

The nature and reality of the aphid clone: genetic variation, adaptation and evolution

The nature and reality of the aphid clone: genetic variation, adaptation and evolution

Low temperature acclimated populations of the grain aphidSitobion avenaeretain ability to rapidly cold harden with enhanced fitness

Genotypic variation among different phenotypes within aphid clones

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