Elemental nitrogen balance, reaction kinetics and the effect of ethanol on the hydrothermal liquefaction of soy protein

Chacón-Parra, Andrés; Lewis, David M.; Eyk, Philip J. van

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.130576

Cited by 16 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The measured sulfur abundance of the soy protein was 0.88% (CHNS) and considered relatively unchanged and negligible. 11 Total nitrogen in water via persulfate digestion and ammonia via the salicylate method was measured using a HACH colorimeter DR/890 using a total nitrogen HR (0−150 mgN/L) and ammonia HR (0−50 mgN/L) Test 'N Tube HACH kits and the 10072 and 10031 methods for wastewater by HACH, respectively. Calibration was made of three points for total nitrogen and two points for ammonia, using Milli-Q water (zero), two total nitrogen standards (50 and 100 mgN/ L), and one ammonia standard (100 mgN/L) diluted one in three.…”

Section: Design Of Experiments and The Reactor Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both tests were conducted with samples diluted 200 times in Milli-Q water. 11 The TOC was analyzed by CSIRO (Australia) using a Shimadzu TOC analyzer in the NPOC mode (APHA method 5310 B).…”

Section: Design Of Experiments and The Reactor Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Boiling point fractions were calculated from the weight loss over defined temperature ranges of (80−180 °C), (180−300 °C), and (300−600 °C). 8,11,14,29,48 2.5. Kinetic Modeling.…”

Section: Design Of Experiments and The Reactor Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reaction constants (k) were optimized using the lsqcurvefit function by minimizing the squared norm of the residual function. 11,29 The error bars represent the standard deviation of the experimental data. 49…”

Section: Design Of Experiments and The Reactor Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elucidating the Maillard Reaction Mechanism in the Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Binary Model Compound Mixtures and Spirulina

Chacón-Parra

Hall

Lewis

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) transforms wet biomass and biowaste feedstock into water-insoluble biocrude and valuable water-soluble organic products. HTL takes advantage of the exceptional properties of water near the critical point to break bio-macromolecule linkages, and as a reaction medium, subcritical water ions allow the reaction and recondensation of intermediates into various structures and product phases. Among the different reaction mechanisms involved in the hydrothermal conversion, the synergetic interaction between protein and carbohydrate intermediates, known as the Maillard reactions, can boost the renewable biocrude yield up to 25% higher than solely free fatty acid hydrolysis from lipids. However, the reaction mechanisms and the effect of biomass composition are not fully understood. In this study, the Maillard reactions have been investigated with a central composite design to validate the impact of mass ratio (carbohydrate/protein) over temperature and residence time, via product response analysis, including product yields, boiling point distribution, aqueous tests, elemental, and chemical compositions. Then, the gas chromatography−mass spectrometry data is used to propose a potential pathway, followed by levulinic acid from carbohydrates as a candidate, to produce proline via Maillard interactions before amino acid condensation into piperazinediones and reduction into pyrazines among other complex degradations. The understanding of Maillard interactions under HTL conditions could lead to more robust compositional models, and the present results showed that a protein-to-carbohydrate mass ratio 2:1 would maximize the volatile fraction, elemental carbon, and higher heating value in the renewable crude, with a 90−95% of the maximum crude yield being obtained. The HTL experiments were run with glucose and soy protein as model compounds and spirulina in a batch reactor at 300 °C temperature, 20 min residence time, and 50% mass ratio as a central point, with an alpha (α) of 20 °C, at 10 min, and a 25% mass ratio.

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Section: Design Of Experiments and The Reactor Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Design Of Experiments and The Reactor Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Boiling point fractions were calculated from the weight loss over defined temperature ranges of (80−180 °C), (180−300 °C), and (300−600 °C). 8,11,14,29,48 2.5. Kinetic Modeling.…”

Section: Design Of Experiments and The Reactor Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Design Of Experiments and The Reactor Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Elucidating the Maillard Reaction Mechanism in the Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Binary Model Compound Mixtures and Spirulina

Chacón-Parra

Hall

Lewis

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with porous 3D structures are mostly used as carriers owing to their large surface area, which makes it easy to load drugs ( Wang et al, 2015 ). This special structure composed of organic and inorganic components endows MOFs with various applications ( He et al, 2015 ; Simon-Yarza et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2017 ), such as gas storage and adsorption ( He et al, 2014 ), functionalized catalyst, and high-efficiency carrier ( Bae et al, 2010 ; Horcajada et al, 2010 ; Kreno et al, 2010 ; Chacón-Parra et al, 2021 ). Some MOFs are inherently fluorescent and can be used for imaging in vivo .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Development of MOF-Based Photothermal Agent for Tumor Ablation

Yin

Han

2022

Front. Chem.

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Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are 3D-architecture compounds of metal ions and organic molecules with sufficient and permanent porosity, showing great potential as a versatile platform to load various functional moieties to endow the hybrid materials with specific applications. Currently, a variety of photothermal nanometals have been embedded into organic ligands for integrating the unique photothermal effects with the merits of MOFs to improve their performances for cancer therapy. In this review, we have summarized a series of novel MOF-based photothermal materials for this unique therapeutic modality against tumors from three main aspects according to their chemical compositions and structures, i) metal-doped MOF, ii) organic-doped MOF, and iii) polymer-coated MOF. In addition, we have summarized the latest developments and characteristics of MOF-based photothermal agents, such as good biocompatibility, low toxicity, and responsive photothermal conversion without destroying the structure of hybrid photothermal agent. At last, we addressed the future perspectives of MOF-based photothermal agent in the field of phototherapy.

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