Elemental characterization of particulate matter emitted from biomass burning: Wind tunnel derived source profiles for herbaceous and wood fuels

Turn, Scott Q.; Jenkins, B. M.; Chow, Judith C.; Pritchett, Lyle C.; Campbell, David E.; Cahill, Thomas A.; Whalen, S. A.

doi:10.1029/96jd02979

Cited by 163 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The median S/K ratios of S-rich particles were 2.1 at the beginning of the episode, 5.2 at the peak stage of the episode and 8.9 during the reference days. The values occurring at the beginning of the episode were very high compared with the S/K ratios measured near the biomass burning sources (S/K-ratio $0.1: Gaudichet et al, 1995;Turn et al, 1997;Christensen et al, 1998;Hedberg et al, 2002), but quite similar to the typical values measured from hazes farther distant from the burning areas (K/S-ratio $0.4-2.3: Andreae et al, 1988;Artaxo et al, 1994;Pereira et al, 1996). However, during the peak stage of the episode, the S/K ratio was clearly higher compared to that occurring during the beginning of the episode and other previously mentioned studies.…”

Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 93%

Characterization and source identification of a fine particle episode in Finland

Niemi

Tervahattu

Vehkamäki

et al. 2004

Atmospheric Environment

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A strong long-range transported (LRT) fine particle (PM 2:5 ) episode occurred from March 17-22, 2002 over large areas of Finland. Most of the LRT particle mass was in the submicrometre size fraction. The number of concentrations of 90-500 nm particles increased by a factor of 5.6 during the episode, but the concentrations of particles smaller than 90 nm decreased. This reduction of the smallest particles was caused by suppressed gas-to-particle conversion due to the vapour uptake of LRT particles. Individual particle analyses using SEM/EDX showed that the proportion of sulphurrich particles rose strongly during the episode and that the relative weight percentage of potassium was unusually high in these particles. The median S/K ratios of S-rich particles were 2.1 at the beginning of the episode, 5.2 at the peak stage of the episode and 8.9 during the reference days. The high proportion of K is a clear indication of emissions from biomass burning, because K is a good tracer of biomass-burning aerosols. Trajectories and satellite detections of fire areas indicated that the main source of biomass-burning aerosols was large-scale agricultural field burning in the Baltic countries, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. The higher S/K ratio of S-rich particles during the peak stage was obviously due to the increased proportion of fossil fuel-burning emissions in the LRT particle mass, since air masses arrived from the more polluted areas of Europe at that time. The concentrations of sulphate, total nitrate and total ammonium increased during the episode. Our results suggest that large-scale agricultural field burning may substantially affect PM 2:5 concentrations under unfavourable meteorological conditions even at distances over 1000 km from the burning areas. r

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Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 93%

Characterization and source identification of a fine particle episode in Finland

Niemi

Tervahattu

Vehkamäki

et al. 2004

Atmospheric Environment

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“…Of specific importance is the different ratio of EC to TC present in biomass smoke, which includes both fireplace combustion of wood and agricultural and brush burning. Although the composition of particulate matter from biomass burning depends on the biomass fuel and the burning conditions, the IMPROVE ECOC method typically measures EC to contain around 15-25% of the particle carbon (Turn et al, 1997;Watson et al, 1998;McDonald et al, 2000). In contrast, the NIOSH ECOC method measures biomass aerosol to be around 5% EC (Hildemann et al, 1991;Schauer et al, 2001).…”

Section: Atmospheric Sources Of Elemental Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of elemental carbon as a marker for diesel particulate matter

Schauer

2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

217

123

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Elemental carbon (EC) in atmospheric particulate matter originates from a broad range of sources in many urban locations. As health and air quality studies are using elemental carbon measurements to better understand the impact of diesel engines and other combustion sources, there is a great need to clearly understand the relative source contributions to EC concentrations in the atmosphere. However, the different analytical techniques currently used to measure EC do not show good agreement for many particulate matter samples. To this end, studies that use EC as a tracer and integrate different analytical techniques for EC can significantly bias estimates of source contributions to atmospheric particulate matter. In addition, source attribution studies that do not properly address all sources of EC in the atmosphere can also lead to inaccuracies and biases. To better understand the use of EC as a tracer, a review of the distribution of EC in the primary particulate matter emissions from air pollution sources using different analytical methods is discussed. A review of previous apportionment studies of particulate matter is presented to elucidate the fraction of EC that results from emissions from diesel engines in urban locations. These results demonstrate that EC is not a unique tracer for diesel exhaust and efforts to utilize EC as an indicator of diesel exhaust must properly address other sources of EC as well as utilize a consistent measurement technique for EC when comparing source and ambient EC measurements to avoid significant biases.

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“…To derive particulate matter emission factors, we have relied on Akagi et al (2011), Andreae and Merlet (2001), Turn et al (1997), and Hegg et al (1997); the last of these was used for the OM / OC ratio, which we assumed to be 1.7 as discussed in Kupiainen and Klimont (2004). The default emission factors used in GAINS (all values in g kg −1 ) are 8.5 for TSP, 7.1 for PM 10 , 6.3 for PM 2.5 , 5.6 for PM 1 , 2.62 for OC and 0.83 g kg −1 for BC.…”

Section: Agricultural Waste Burningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

et al. 2017

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Abstract. This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of historical global anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions including the consistent and harmonized calculation of mass-based size distribution (PM 1 , PM 2.5 , PM 10 ), as well as primary carbonaceous aerosols including black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC). The estimates were developed with the integrated assessment model GAINS, where source-and region-specific technology characteristics are explicitly included. This assessment includes a number of previously unaccounted or often misallocated emission sources, i.e. kerosene lamps, gas flaring, diesel generators, refuse burning; some of them were reported in the past for selected regions or in the context of a particular pollutant or sector but not included as part of a total estimate. Spatially, emissions were calculated for 172 source regions (as well as international shipping), presented for 25 global regions, and allocated to 0.5 • × 0.5 • longitude-latitude grids. No independent estimates of emissions from forest fires and savannah burning are provided and neither windblown dust nor unpaved roads emissions are included.We estimate that global emissions of PM have not changed significantly between 1990 and 2010, showing a strong decoupling from the global increase in energy consumption and, consequently, CO 2 emissions, but there are significantly different regional trends, with a particularly strong increase in East Asia and Africa and a strong decline in Europe, North America, and the Pacific region. This in turn resulted in important changes in the spatial pattern of PM burden, e.g. European, North American, and Pacific contributions to global emissions dropped from nearly 30 % in 1990 to well below 15 % in 2010, while Asia's contribution grew from just over 50 % to nearly two-thirds of the global total in 2010. For all PM species considered, Asian sources represented over 60 % of the global anthropogenic total, and residential combustion was the most important sector, contributing about 60 % for BC and OC, 45 % for PM 2.5 , and less than 40 % for PM 10 , where large combustion sources and industrial processes are equally important. Global anthropogenic emissions of BC were estimated at about 6.6 and 7.2 Tg in 2000 and 2010, respectively, and represent about 15 % of PM 2.5 but for some sources reach nearly 50 %, i.e. for the transport sector. Our global BC numbers are higher than previously published owing primarily to the inclusion of new sources.This PM estimate fills the gap in emission data and emission source characterization required in air quality and climate modelling studies and health impact assessments at a regional and global level, as it includes both carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous constituents of primary particulate matter emissions. The developed emission dataset has been used in several regional and global atmospheric transport and climate model simulations within the ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants) project and beyo...

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Elemental characterization of particulate matter emitted from biomass burning: Wind tunnel derived source profiles for herbaceous and wood fuels

Cited by 163 publications

References 20 publications

Characterization and source identification of a fine particle episode in Finland

Characterization and source identification of a fine particle episode in Finland

Evaluation of elemental carbon as a marker for diesel particulate matter

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

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