Electrowetting-based droplet mixers for microfluidic systemsElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: six mpeg videos showing some mixing schemes used in Fig. 7. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/lc/b2/b210825a/

Paik, Phil; Pamula, Vamsee K.; Pollack, Martha E.; Fair, Richard B.

doi:10.1039/b210825a

Cited by 285 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…[19][20][21] In fact, they can be as simple as glass capillary tubes [22] or as complex as chips having micromechanical pumps [23,24] and electronic circuitry to move liquids [25] or even suspended cells that use, for example, electro-osmotic flow, [26,27] dielectrophoretic pumping, [28,29] or electrowetting. [30][31][32][33][34] Figure 1 shows a number of applications that take advantage of the phenomena typical of microfluidic devices. These applications can roughly be divided into two categories.…”

Section: Introduction To Microfluidic Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfluidics for Processing Surfaces and Miniaturizing Biological Assays

2005

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This review is an account of our efforts to develop a versatile and flexible microfluidic technology for surface‐processing applications and miniaturizing biological assays. The review is presented in the context of current trends in microfluidic technology and addresses some of the major challenges for confining chemical and biochemical processes on surfaces: the sealing of a microchannel with a surface, the world‐to‐chip interface, the displacement of liquids in small conduits, the sequential delivery of multiple solutions, the accurate patterning of surfaces, the coincident detection of various analytes, and the detection of analytes in a small and dilute sample. Our solutions to these problems include the use of reversible sealing, capillary phenomena for powering and controlling liquid transport, and non‐contact microfluidics for spotting and drawing (on surfaces) with flow conditions. These solutions offer many advantages over conventional techniques for handling minute amounts of liquids and may find applications in lithography, biopatterning (e.g., the patterning of biomolecules), diagnostics, drug discovery, and also cellular assays.

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Section: Introduction To Microfluidic Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfluidics for Processing Surfaces and Miniaturizing Biological Assays

2005

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“…5͑b͔͒, suggesting that the cells were bound to the MBs. The high collection efficiency is attributed to the high interaction between MBs and cells confined in the droplet with the circulating flow inside it, [32][33][34][35] as compared to the usual flow through microfluidic systems typically having little mixing. Further optimization of the actuation steps, relative concentration, and time of incubation is expected to bring about shorter step duration and fewer MBs per cell without loss in collection efficiency.…”

Section: A Further Discussion Of the Experimental Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific binding and magnetic concentration of CD8+ T-lymphocytes on electrowetting-on-dielectric platform

et al. 2010

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In the quest to create a low-power portable lab-on-a-chip system, we demonstrate the specific binding and concentration of human CD8+ T-lymphocytes on an electrowetting-on-dielectric ͑EWOD͒-based digital microfluidic platform using antibody-conjugated magnetic beads ͑MB-Abs͒. By using a small quantity of nonionic surfactant, we enable the human cell-based assays with selective magnetic binding on the EWOD device in an air environment. High binding efficiency ͑ϳ92%͒ of specific cells on MB-Abs is achieved due to the intimate contact between the cells and the magnetic beads ͑MBs͒ produced by the circulating flow within the small droplet. MBs have been used and cells manipulated in the droplets actuated by EWOD before; reported here is a cell assay of a clinical protocol on the EWOD device in air environment. The present technique can be further extended to capture other types of cells by suitable surface modification on the MBs. © 2010 American Institute of Physics. ͓doi:10.1063/1.3509457͔ I. BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION A. EWOD as a lab-on-a-chip platformDue to its simple design, low-power consumption, and reprogrammable fluid paths, dropletbased or digital microfluidics driven by electrowetting-on-dielectric ͑EWOD͒ 1-5 is an attractive platform to develop microfluidic devices and systems for portable or point-of-care "lab-on-a-chip" applications.6 Unlike continuous flow through channels, fluids are handled in the form of individual droplets by the locally applied electric potentials. Power consumption in EWOD ͑well below 1 mW͒ is much smaller than typical continuous microfluidic systems.7 Moreover, droplet movement is directly controlled by electrical signals, and no other inputs such as thermal, pneumatic, optical, etc., are required. These features make EWOD uniquely suited for battery operation, thus addressing a critical requirement of a portable system. Moving parts such as pumps and valves, which could be failure-prone, are not required for EWOD, enhancing its simplicity and reliability. Unlike "hardwired" channels, the fluid ͑droplet͒ path in EWOD is reconfigurable purely through software, allowing the choice between multiple testing operations on the same device using the same system. Economical mass fabrication of EWOD test chips is possible, for example, using Printed Circuit Board ͑PCB͒ fabrication 8 or rapid prototyping. 9Despite the various advantages over channel-based continuous microfluidics for a lab-on-achip platform, cell-based assays on an EWOD platform have been difficult due to "biofouling" ͑biomolecular adsorption of cells and proteins͒ on the hydrophobic EWOD surface. The ability to actuate cell samples on EWOD in an air environment has been demonstrated only recently, 10 opening up the possibility of cell separation assays on EWOD, such as the one reported here.

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“…90 These mixers can be categorised as being either pressure field driven, 91 acoustic driven, 92 temperature induced, 93 electrically induced, 94 or magneto-hydrodynamic. 95 Active mixing often leads to more efficient mixing within the device, however the integration of such peripheral devices into microfluidics parts is a time consuming and often expensive process.…”

Section: Active Mixingmentioning

confidence: 99%