Electrostatic sol-spray deposition (ESSD) and characterisation of nanostructured TiO 2 thin films

Chen, C.H.; Kelder, E.M.; Schoonman, J.

doi:10.1016/s0040-6090(98)01160-2

Cited by 114 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 44 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Oxide dopants Alumina, silica, and zirconia and have been used to stabilise anatase [66,108,120,174,196]. It has been suggested that Al, Si, and Zr stabilise anatase by occupying interstices, thereby distorting the anatase lattice and restricting the lattice contraction involved in the transformation to rutile [120].…”

Section: Importance Of Doping Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case, the insertion of a cation results in constraint of the required lattice contraction largely in the c direction upon the transformation from anatase to rutile [173], without apparent effect on the charge neutrality. Although there are reports of interstitial stabilisation of the titania lattice and consequent inhibition of the transformation [155,174,175], there do not appear to be any reports of destabilisation (from structural instability) and consequent promotion of the transformation.…”

Section: Cationic Dopantsmentioning

confidence: 96%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Review of the anatase to rutile phase transformation

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Titanium dioxide, TiO 2 , is an important photocatalytic material that exists as two main polymorphs, anatase and rutile. The presence of either or both of these phases impacts on the photocatalytic performance of the material. The present work reviews the anatase to rutile phase transformation. The synthesis and properties of anatase and rutile are examined, followed by a discussion of the thermodynamics of the phase transformation and the factors affecting its observation. A comprehensive analysis of the reported effects of dopants on the anatase to rutile phase transformation and the mechanisms by which these effects are brought about is presented in this review, yielding a plot of the cationic radius versus the valence characterised by a distinct boundary between inhibitors and promoters of the phase transformation. Further, the likely effects of dopant elements, including those for which experimental data are unavailable, on the phase transformation are deduced and presented on the basis of this analysis.

show abstract

Section: Importance Of Doping Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cationic Dopantsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Review of the anatase to rutile phase transformation

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Soluble precursors are combined with appropriate solvents for film deposition by EHDA pyrolysis (Vanzomeren et al 1994;Chen et al 1996;Leeuwenburgh et al 2003;Matsushima et al 2004;van Erven et al 2005; Leeuwenburgh et al 2006). In addition, presynthesized nanoparticles may be directly deposited to produce films by EHDA of a nanoparticle sol (Chen et al 1999a;Chen et al 1999b). In the former two techniques, film morphology is largely controlled by material properties of the precursor material and the motion and evaporation of liquid droplets on the substrate (Leeuwenburgh et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Film Deposition by Electrohydrodynamic Atomization of Nanoparticle Sols

Hogan

Biswas

2008

Aerosol Science and Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Film deposition by electrohydrodynamic atomization of nanoparticle sols was studied experimentally using zinc oxide nanoparticles in ethanol and using sequential Monte Carlo simulations, in which proper statistics and particle transport to the substrate were accounted for. Experimentally produced and simulated films were in good agreement, and simulations were used to determine the influences of deposition time, nanoparticle concentration in the sol, mean droplet size, and droplet polydispersity on the film thickness, porosity, surface roughness, and lateral feature size. Film growth rates were non-constant due to decreases in the film porosity early in the deposition process. Over time, the thickness of films increased, while the porosity decreased. After sufficient deposition time, the porosity reached a constant value and consequently the film growth rate was constant. The use of high concentration sols or large droplets resulted in the deposition of agglomerated particles, which gave rise to thicker, more porous films. Control over film morphology using droplets from size distributions with geometric standard deviations greater than 2.0 was not possible and the film thickness and air to particle volume ratio for all films produced from polydisperse droplets were convergent regardless of the number concentration of nanoparticles in the sol. Film surface roughnesses were less than the volume equivalent diameter of the agglomerated particles deposited, indicating that films were relatively uniform in thickness. Radial distribution functions were calculated for both experimentally deposited and simulated films and were used to determine lateral feature sizes. Lateral feature sizes increased with increasing deposition time and deposited agglomerate size until the deposition surface was completely covered. This work provides the necessary link between electrohydrodynamic atomization parameters and the resulting morphology of deposited films.

show abstract

“…It is easy to scale up. It can be applied in combination with sol-gel [39][40][41][42], pyrolysis [43], electrostatic technique [39] or spray drying [8,44,45]. Spray coating should in principle lead to a high dispersion of TiO 2 particles with high photoactivity [8].…”

Section: Tio 2 Immobilization In Photoreactorsmentioning

confidence: 99%