Electroplated reticulated vitreous carbon current collectors for lead–acid batteries: opportunities and challenges

Gyenge, Előd L.; Jung, Joey Chung-Yen; Mahato, B. K.

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00553-0

Cited by 73 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…More recently, Gyenge et al [74] reported the use of electroplated RVC substrates with a Pb-Sn (1 wt%) alloy as current collectors for lead-acid batteries. Several electrochemical techniques were used to evaluate the current collectors.…”

Section: Batteries and Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reticulated vitreous carbon as an electrode material

Friedrich

Ponce-de-León

Reade³

et al. 2004

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry

317

185

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An illustrated review of reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) as an electrode material is presented. Early uses of RVC were largely restricted to small-scale (< 1 cm 3 ) electroanalytical studies in research laboratories. RVC properties of a high ratio of surface area to volume and minimal reactivity over a wide range of process conditions, combined with low cost and easy handling, have resulted in a steady diversification of its applications both in research laboratories and in industry. The physical structure of RVC (in terms of pores per linear inch, strut length, strut thickness and area of the trigonal strut) is examined for 10, 30, 60 and 100 ppi (pores per linear inch) grades using scanning electron microscopy. The accurate measurement of these geometrical values presents both theoretical (in terms of definition of trigonal strut area, beginning and end of single strand) and practical problems (large differences in strut length and thickness in individual samples). Data are presented to show the relationships between geometrical properties. Applications include electroanalytical studies and sensors, metal ion removal, synthesis of organics and FentonÕs reagent, H 2 O 2 production and batteries/fuel cells.

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Section: Batteries and Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reticulated vitreous carbon as an electrode material

Friedrich

Ponce-de-León

Reade³

et al. 2004

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry

317

185

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“…One example is lead-acid batteries that operate at a voltage above 2.0 V, which is facilitated by the high HER and OER overpotentials on Pb and PbO 2 electrodes, respectively. 33 However, porous carbon electrodes do not afford the same levels of HER and OER overpotentials in supercapacitors. It is well known that the theoretical potentials of OER and HER shift along pH values according to the Nernst equation and water Pourbaix diagram.…”

Section: Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 1.8 V Aqueous Supercapacitor with a Bipolar Assembly of Ion-Exchange Membranes as the Separator

Wang

Chandrabose

Jian

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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We introduce a novel bipolar assembly of ion-exchange membranes as the separator for aqueous supercapacitors. The new bipolar separator enables the positive electrode and the negative electrode to operate in acidic electrolyte and alkaline electrolyte, separately. The bipolar separator increases the theoretically stable voltage window from 1.23 to 1.76 V for the device when pH 1 and pH 10 are selected for the positive and negative electrode, respectively, based on the pH tolerance of commercial ion exchange membranes. By considering the results from comprehensive electrolyte stability investigation, we charge the cells to 1.8 V, which increases the maximum cell discharge voltage to 1.77 V. A specific energy of 12.7 Wh/kg is achieved based on the electrodes' mass, which is twice the value of the comparative best performing single electrolyte. The new cell configuration with the three-compartment bipolar separator effectively prevents the acid/base electrolyte cross diffusion, where after 10,000 cycles, the capacitance retention is 97% with coulombic efficiency maintained above 99.6% all through cycling. Supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors (ECs), are highly complementary to batteries by providing high power density and ultra-long cycling life that the state-of-theart batteries have yet to achieve.1 These devices are indispensable in applications, including power cranking for transportation, energy recovery in heavy-duty systems 2 and potentially laser generation. In order to develop more powerful ECs, prior works have studied the impacts of carbon electrodes' properties on ECs' performance, including surface area, 3-8 pore size, 9-14 heteroatom doping, 15-19 and pseudocapacitance. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Recently, attention has also been paid to redox-active electrolytes. [28][29][30][31][32]47 As well known, most commercial ECs employ non-aqueous electrolyte rather than aqueous electrolyte despite the facts that aqueous electrolytes are typically more conductive, safer and cheaper. The overwhelming advantage of non-aqueous electrolyte is its much wider stable electrochemical potential window than its aqueous counterpart, where the latter is limited to 1.23 V, the potential gap between the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER).1 Therefore, the operating voltage for aqueous ECs is normally below 1.2 V, whereas it is as high as 3.0 V for non-aqueous devices. The energy density of capacitors obeys the following equation: E = 1 8 C V2 , where C is the specific capacitance of one electrode and V is the maximum discharge voltage of a device. Although the electrode capacitance in aqueous ECs is often higher than that in nonaqueous ECs, the overall energy density of the former still falls far below what the latter could offer.In order to cultivate the advantages of aqueous supercapacitors, it is highly desirable to increase its operating voltage without decomposing its electrolyte. One example is lead-acid batteries that operate at a voltage...

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“…A typical lead-acid car battery is as heavy as 14 kg; lead electrodes constitute about 21 % of total weight [1]. One way of reducing the weight of currently used lead-acid batteries is to replace the heavy lead electrodes with low density and high surface area porous lead electrodes [2][3][4]. Both, the increase in the electrode surface area and the reduction in the electrode weight, increase the utilization efficiency of the positive active material up to 50 %, which is much higher than the conventional grid electrode [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open cell lead foams: processing, microstructure, and mechanical properties

Savacı

Yilmaz²,

Güden

2012

J Mater Sci

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Open cell lead foams with the porosities between 48 and 74 % were prepared by means of powder metallurgical and casting routes, using ammonium bicarbonate particles, silica beads, and sodium chloride salt particles as space holder. The resulting foam samples structure closely resembled open cell foam structure: each cell had few interconnections with neighboring cells. Small-sized lead (II) fluoride precipitates were microscopically observed in the interior of cells in the foam samples prepared using silica beads as space holder, resulting from the reaction between silica and hydrofluoric acid in the space holder dissolution step. The compression stress-strain curve of foam samples prepared by powder metallurgical route showed brittle deformation behavior following the initial elastic deformation region, while the foam samples prepared by casting route showed characteristic foam deformation behavior: cell edge crushing on the bent cell walls, and cell wall tearing. The collapse stresses, densification strains, and elastic moduli of the prepared foams were further fitted with scaling relations.

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Electroplated reticulated vitreous carbon current collectors for lead–acid batteries: opportunities and challenges

Cited by 73 publications

References 11 publications

Reticulated vitreous carbon as an electrode material

Reticulated vitreous carbon as an electrode material

A 1.8 V Aqueous Supercapacitor with a Bipolar Assembly of Ion-Exchange Membranes as the Separator

Open cell lead foams: processing, microstructure, and mechanical properties

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