Electrophysiology of Cognition

Abstract

The sections in this article are: Event‐Related Potentials Classification Nomenclature Recording Techniques Measurement Neural Bases of Event‐Related Potentials Field Potentials in the Nervous System Scalp Distribution Depth Recordings Event‐Related Magnetic Fields Blood Flow and Metabolism Clinical Applications of Event‐Related Potentials Evaluation of Sensory Function Applications to Neurology Disorders of Higher Nervous Functions Preparation and Anticipation Movement‐Related Potentials Contingent Negative Variation Clinical Studies Selective Attention Early ERP Experiments Auditory Attention Interpretation of Auditory Negative‐Difference Wave Visual Attention Somatosensory Attention Question of Peripheral Sensory Gating Attentional Channels Multidimensional Stimulus Selection Disorders of Attention Overview: ERPs and Selective Attention Cognitive Processing Stimulus Probability and Expectancy Signal Detection and Decision Confidence Stimulus Relevance Stimulus‐Evaluation Processes Mental Chronometry Stimulus Meaning Cognitive ERPs in Children Aging and Dementia Psychiatric Conditions Animal Models of ERPs Overview: ERPs and Cognitive Processing Language and Hemispheric Specialization ERPs Preceding Speech Auditory ERPs to Speech Sounds Phonetic Processing Visual ERPs to Words Probe‐Stimulus Technique Linguistic Decision Making Stimulus Meaning Contextual Effects in Language Semantic Mismatch and Semantic Priming Language Disorders Overview: ERPs and Language Concluding Observations

Allocation of visual attention to spatial locations: Tradeoff functions for event-related brain potentials and detection performance

“…However, this frontal positivity may only be elicited under particular stimulus/task parameters, since in several related studies of spatial selective attention such an effect has not been observed (e.g., Hillyard, Simpson, Woods, Van Voorhis, & Munte, 1984;, 1988Rugg et al, 1987). The P400-800 wave to targets is clearly an example of the P300 component that is associated with the detection of unpredictable, task-relevant stimuli in a wide range of situations (Donchin et al, 1986;Hillyard & Picton, 1987;Pritchard, 1981). The present tradeoffs in amplitude of the ERPs with attention are in line with previous studies reporting changes in P300 and/or N 1 during dual-task performance (e. g. , Hoffman et al, 1985;Isreal et al, 1980;Parasuraman, 1985;Wickens et al, 1983).…”

“…It was expected that both types of ERPs should covary with measures of perceptual discrimination, since the early attention effects appear to reflect a sensory gain control process (see above) and the later waves (especially P3OO) have been shown to relate closely with performance accuracy and discrimination confidence in a variety of task situations (e.g. , Donchin, Karis, Bashore, Coles, & Gratton, 1986;Hillyard & Picton, 1987;Pritchard, 1981). However, the form of the covariation may well differ for these two classes of physiological measures that purportedly index early sensory transmission and higher decision/classification processes, respectively.…”

Constraints on Movement Phenomena in Sentence Processing: Evidence from Event-related Brain Potentials

“…ERPs are negative and positive voltage changes (or components) in the ongoing electroencephalogram that are time-locked to the onset of a sensory, motor or cognitive event (Hillyard & Picton, 1987). Kutas and 1 Asterisks are used to identify sentences that are judged to be ungrammatical.…”

Cortical organization of language

“…Examples include studies ofaphasia and other changes in linguistic competence after strokes as well as other types of brain damage, and under intraoperative electrical stimulation (Penlield and Roberts, 1959;Ojemann, 1983) and intravascular amobarbital perfusion (Wada and Rasmussen, 1960). The other type of data correlate physiologic studies such as scalp electroencephalograms (Hillyard and Picton, 1987) electrocorticograms and microelectrode recordings during surgical opportunities (Fried et al, 1981;Ojemann et al, 1988) metabolism and blood flow measured by positron emission tomographic (PET), and other isotopic techniques (Ingvar, 1983;Raichle, 1990) with some measure of linguistic performance. Changes in physiologic parameters may be present at sites that are not essential for a language behavior.…”