Electrooptic Behaviour of Proton Exchanged LiNbO3 Optical Waveguides

Abstract

We report on the measurement of the electrooptic coefficient FJ| in proton exchanged LiNbO 3 waveguides. Using electrooptic prism (EOF) structures and waveguiding layer interferometers (WLI), we evaluated the electrooptic constants from the lateral Gaussian beam deflection and the measured phase shift, respectively, which are caused by external electric fields applied. For proton exchanged LiNbO 3 fabricated in 1 M% lithium enriched benzoic acid melt, we obtained a r 3 f value less than (2.0 + 0.3)· 10 ~6μιη/ν, significantly reduced in comparison with virgin LiNbO 3 . However, after strong annealing the electrooptic coefficient is almost re-established and arrives at (19.8 ± 1.5) · 10" 6 μπα/Υ.

Second Order Susceptibilities and Electro-Optic Coefficients of ZN-Indiffused LiNbO3Waveguides

“…where d 23 is the piezoelectric coefficient, (d 23 = −0.86 pm/V), is the correction factor which determines the effective electric field inside the waveguide, ( = 2/π) [13] and z s the separation between the electrodes. That is, the coefficients r 13 and r 33 , from the measured V π for each propagation mode, can be written as: (for TM propagation mode)…”

“…The nonlinear coefficient χ (2) 33 and the electrooptic coefficients r 33 and r 13 have been measured for the first time in Zn in-diffused LiNbO 3 waveguides. The χ (2) 33 coefficient remains unchanged with respect to bulk LiNbO 3 , whereas the electrooptic coefficients r 33 and r 13 decrease to a 50% and 70% respectively.…”

MEMS and FOG Technologies for Tactical and Navigation Grade Inertial Sensors—Recent Improvements and Comparison

“…Since the early 1990s more than 190,000 different types of optical chips have been produced for our own use in Fiber Optic Gyroscopes and for systems based on our FOGs. The MIOCs are manufactured using the annealed proton-exchange technique on x-cut Lithium Niobate wafers [34] and integrate the standard functions of (i) a polarizer; (ii) a main coupler/beam splitter; and (iii) a broadband electro-optical push-pull phase modulator on a single chip.…”

Integrated-optic devices in lithium niobate: technology and applications

“…By these techniques, very low loss PE waveguides with a substantially restored electrooptic effect could be realized [52].…”