Electronmicroscope investigations of the initial stages of silver electrodeposition

Toschev, S.; Milchev, A.; Vassileva, Elka

doi:10.1016/0013-4686(76)85085-2

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Under conditions for which nucleation is not instantaneous, the situation is more complex. Scharifer and Hill have provided detailed experimental results that show that the rate of growth is significantly less than that predicted by the previous case for instantaneous nucleation. , Indeed, several different approaches have been used to model the potentiostatic current transient occurring during progressive three-dimensional nucleation with growth under diffusion control. In all cases, they are based on comparable models but tend to produce significantly different results.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposition of Platinum on Nanometer-Sized Carbon Electrodes

2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Results for the electrodeposition of platinum on carbon electrodes of nanometer size are presented. It is shown that electrodes with very small electroactive areas simplify the study of the nucleation and growth mechanism involved in electrodeposition. Reducing the electroactive area of the substrate easily controls the number of nucleation sites. With the use of substrates having electroactive radii of a few nanometers, it is possible to form only one single growth center and to allow that center to grow independently. The current transient associated with the growth of such a single nucleus provides both kinetic and mechanistic information about the electrodeposition process. A mathematical formula for the current transient under combined electrokinetic and mass-transport control based on the work of Fletcher [J. Cryst. Growth 1983, 62, 505] and Kruijt et al. [J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 371, 13] is used to fit the transients to extract the exchange current density and diffusion coefficient of the reactants. For the Pt on carbon deposition process at low overpotentials, for which the electron-transfer steps control the overall deposition process, single nucleation is observed when the electrode is smaller than about 5 nm in size. It is found that the single nucleation and growth processes can also occur at relatively large electrodes (∼100 nm in size) when a high overpotential is applied so that a diffusion-controlled deposition process is established. Such a phenomenon is analyzed in terms of the depletion layer of electroactive species around the growing nucleus, and the effect that this has on the nucleation rate on the surrounding electrode surface.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposition of Platinum on Nanometer-Sized Carbon Electrodes

2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] In a few cases, nucleation rates extracted from chronoamperometric data with the help of the models have been compared with counts obtained by microscopic inspection. 45,46 In this study, we used models developed by Scharifker and Hills and by Scharifker and Mostany. [22][23][24] Potentiostatic current transients were analyzed by determination of the maximum current i m and the time t m at which the maximum current is attained.…”

Section: Nucleation Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleation of Tin and Tin–Silver Alloy on Copper and Nickel in Acid Plating Baths

Zhang

Barkey

2007

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The rate of nucleation and number density of nuclei of tin and tin-silver deposits on copper and nickel substrates in acid sulfate and acid methanesulfonate baths were measured by application of a nucleation model to chronoamperometric data. Based on the dependence of nucleation rate on overpotential, the critical Gibbs free energy of nucleation and the critical nucleation size were calculated. A mechanism of alloy nucleation in the presence of thiourea is proposed.

show abstract

“…8,20 These techniques can be used to develop electronucleation models which give insight with regards to the nucleation density, nucleation rate, and nucleation mechanism. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Controlling electronucleation is critical to developing electronics, batteries, protective coatings, and other application that utilize thin film technologies. In contrast, ex situ analysis encounters various issues include surface restructuring and the inability to verify nucleation density and initial spatial distribution of nucleation sites.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Density Distribution in Electrochemical Cells with Small Cell Heights and Coplanar Thin Electrodes as Used in ec-S/TEM Cell Geometries

Stricker

Wainright

et al. 2019

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The electrochemical engineering aspects of high aspect ratio cells, such as those used in in situ electrochemical scanning transmission microscopy (ec-S/TEM) were examined, focusing on aspects that could cause non-uniform current distribution. Having a uniform current distribution across the working electrode is important for any spectroelectrochemical technique in order to provide accurate electrochemical information as well as structural electrolyte-electrode interface information. An analytical model was developed to determine current density distribution and a Wagner number was derived for a small cell height with coplanar electrodes. The main assumptions of this analysis are: 1) mass transport effects are negligible, 2) a uniform potential distribution in the direction of the cell height due to their small size, and 3) the working electrode potential is constant across its length. With our analysis, the assumptions were found to be reasonable. In addition, the effect of the conductivity and thickness of the thin film electrode and its potential effect on current density distribution have been analyzed. Now, with this work, high aspect ratio cells with a small cell heights and coplanar thin electrodes can be analyzed to determine their current density distribution.

show abstract

Electronmicroscope investigations of the initial stages of silver electrodeposition

Cited by 15 publications

References 4 publications

Electrodeposition of Platinum on Nanometer-Sized Carbon Electrodes

Electrodeposition of Platinum on Nanometer-Sized Carbon Electrodes

Nucleation of Tin and Tin–Silver Alloy on Copper and Nickel in Acid Plating Baths

Current Density Distribution in Electrochemical Cells with Small Cell Heights and Coplanar Thin Electrodes as Used in ec-S/TEM Cell Geometries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About