Electronic structure of black phosphorus studied by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

Han, C. Q.; Yao, Mengyu; Bai, Xiaohui; Miao, Lin; Zhu, Fengfeng; Guan, Dandan; Wang, Shun; Gao, Chun; Liu, Canhua; Qian, Dong; Liu, Y.; Jia, Jin

doi:10.1103/physrevb.90.085101

Cited by 87 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…We want to underline that we do not observe the additional surface state reported in Refs. [46,47]. Notably, these experiments used photon energies in the range of ∼100 eV.…”

Section: Angle-resolved Photoemission Measurements Of the Three-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of electronic structure of few-layer phosphorene from angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of black phosphorous

et al. 2016

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A complete set of tight-binding parameters for the description of the quasiparticle dispersion relations of black phosphorous (BP) and N -layer phosphorene with N = 1 . . . ∞ is presented. The parameters, which describe valence and conduction bands, are fit to angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) data of pristine and lithium doped BP. We show that zone-folding of the experimental three-dimensional electronic band structure of BP is a simple and intuitive method to obtain the layer-dependent two-dimensional electronic structure of few-layer phosphorene. Zone folding yields the band gap of N -layer phosphorene in excellent quantitative agreement to experiments and ab initio calculations. A combined analysis of optical absorption and ARPES spectra of pristine and doped BP is used to estimate a value for the exciton binding energy of BP.

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“…We want to underline that we do not observe the additional surface state reported in Refs. [46,47]. Notably, these experiments used photon energies in the range of ∼100 eV.…”

Section: Angle-resolved Photoemission Measurements Of the Three-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of electronic structure of few-layer phosphorene from angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of black phosphorous

et al. 2016

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“…[ 10 ] It is noteworthy that great technological demands for optical communications exist mainly in the infrared wavelength range around 1500 nm (0.8 eV). To this point, black phosphorus (BP), [ 11,12 ] a new member of the layered-material family with bandgap from 0.3 (bulk) to 1.5 eV (monolayer), [13][14][15] can bridge the gap between zero-gap graphene and relatively large bandgap TMDs for infrared photonics and optoelectronics.Because of the unique orthorhombic crystal structure, [ 16 ] BP shows tunable optical properties which are very sensitive to thickness, doping, and light polarization. [ 13,17,18 ] Unlike TMDs, Black phosphorus (BP) is a very promising material for telecommunication due to its direct bandgap and strong resonant absorption in near-infrared wavelength range.…”

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confidence: 99%

Black Phosphorus–Polymer Composites for Pulsed Lasers

Lin

Wang

et al. 2015

Advanced Optical Materials

244

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dynamic response, and large optical nonlinearity, graphene has been demonstrated to be a new nonlinear optical material for the generation and modulation of laser pulses, [ 4,5 ] which could fi nd important applications for telecommunications and optical sensing. However, the relative weak absorption in monolayer graphene (2.3% of incident light) gives a small absolute value (approximately 1%) of optical modulation depth, [ 6,7 ] which brings certain limitation for nonlinear photonics at specifi c wavelength. TMDs have a high resonant absorption up to >20%, [ 8,9 ] but the optical response mainly lies in visible range due to a moderate bandgap (1 eV for bulk and 2 eV for monolayer). [ 10 ] It is noteworthy that great technological demands for optical communications exist mainly in the infrared wavelength range around 1500 nm (0.8 eV). To this point, black phosphorus (BP), [ 11,12 ] a new member of the layered-material family with bandgap from 0.3 (bulk) to 1.5 eV (monolayer), [13][14][15] can bridge the gap between zero-gap graphene and relatively large bandgap TMDs for infrared photonics and optoelectronics.Because of the unique orthorhombic crystal structure, [ 16 ] BP shows tunable optical properties which are very sensitive to thickness, doping, and light polarization. [ 13,17,18 ] Unlike TMDs, Black phosphorus (BP) is a very promising material for telecommunication due to its direct bandgap and strong resonant absorption in near-infrared wavelength range. However, ultrafast nonlinear photonic applications relying on the ultrafast photocarrier dynamics as well as optical nonlinearity in black phosphorus remain unexplored. In this work, nonlinear optical properties of solution exfoliated BP are investigated and the usage of BP as a new saturable absorber for high energy pulse generation in fi ber laser is demonstrated. In order to avoid the oxidization and degradation, BP is encapsulated by polymer matrix which is optically transparent in the spectrum range of interest to form a composite. Two fabrication approaches are demonstrated to produce BP-polymer composite fi lms which are further incorporated into fi ber laser cavity as nonlinear media. BP shows very fast carrier dynamics and BP-polymer composite has a modulation depth of 10.6%. A highly stable Q-switched pulse generation is achieved and the single pulse energy of 194 nJ is demonstrated. The ease of handling of such black phosphorus-polymer composite thin fi lms affords new opportunities for wider applications such as optical sensing, signal processing, and light modulation.

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“…Previous studies have revealed a range of intriguing anisotropic behaviors of BP in terms of its optical spectrum, Raman scattering, light absorption, photo-detection, and electrical conductivity. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] While these properties reported in the literature have formed a valuable basis, many applications in the optical domain demand more information regarding the wave characteristics of the interacting light with the BP medium, specifically its phase. Moreover, the manipulation of the phase retardance of light in conjunction with interferometric techniques allows us to achieve optical contrast much stronger than an intensity measurement alone could 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 3 offer, as has been demonstrated extensively in optical metrology.…”

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confidence: 99%

Visualizing Optical Phase Anisotropy in Black Phosphorus

et al. 2016

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Layered black phosphorus has triggered enormous interest since its recent emergence. Compared to most other two-dimensional materials, black phosphorus features a moderate band gap and pronounced in-plane anisotropy, which stems from the unique atomicpuckering crystal structure. The future potential of black phosphorus in optoelectronics demands a deeper understanding of its unique anisotropic behavior. In particular, the phase information of light when interacting with the material is imperative for many applications in the optical regime.In this work we have comprehensively studied a wide range of optical anisotropic properties of black phosphorus, including the Raman scattering, extinction spectra, and phase retardance by utilizing conventional spectral measurements and a uniquely developed interferometric spectroscopy and imaging technique. The phase retardance of light passed through black phosphorus is exploited in conjunction with polarization interferometric techniques to demonstrate an optical contrast an order of magnitude higher than a purely polarization-based measurement could offer.The past decade has witnessed the explosive development of two-dimensional (2D) materials, whose ever-expanding family now represents one of the most exciting frontiers in physics and materials science. The intriguing physical properties of 2D materials, primarily derived from their out of plane quantum confinement and the strong in-plane bonding, have enabled diverse applications in electronics, mechanics, as well as optics and photonics. 1-7 Among this new class of material, graphene has laid the foundation for the 2D frontier of nanoscale optical applications in integrated nano-photonics, 8, 9 ultrafast light detection, 10, 11 and plasmonics. 12, 13 Now, this field is quickly being populated with other materials such as transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) which exhibit exotic properties of their own. For instance, TMDC has demonstrated optical helicity controlled valley polarization which opens pathways for valleytronics. 14-17 Recently, layered black phosphorus (BP) has been reintroduced to the family from its dormancy a century ago. [18][19][20][21] As a new member of the 2D material class, BP bridges the semi-metallic graphene and semiconducting TMDC with a moderate band gap. [22][23][24][25][26] Compared to most other 2D materials, whose electronic and photonic properties are isotropic in-plane, the most distinguishable property of BP is its in-plane anisotropy stemming from the unique atomic-puckering crystal structure. Previous studies have revealed a range of intriguing anisotropic behaviors of BP in terms of its optical spectrum, Raman scattering, light absorption, photo-detection, and electrical conductivity. 27-34 While these properties reported in the literature have formed a valuable basis, many applications in the optical domain demand more information regarding the wave characteristics of the interacting light with the BP medium, specifically its phase. Moreover, the manipulation of the phase retardan...

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Electronic structure of black phosphorus studied by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

Cited by 87 publications

References 34 publications

Evolution of electronic structure of few-layer phosphorene from angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of black phosphorous

Evolution of electronic structure of few-layer phosphorene from angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of black phosphorous

Black Phosphorus–Polymer Composites for Pulsed Lasers

Visualizing Optical Phase Anisotropy in Black Phosphorus

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