Electronic Recording of Penetration Behaviour by Aphids

Tjallingii, W.F.

doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1978.tb02836.x

Cited by 451 publications

(487 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…To investigate the feeding behaviour of whitefly on S. lycopersicum Mill., 'Elegance' and L. pimpinellifolium, the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique was used, as developed by Tjallingii (1978) and used previously to investigate whitefly feeding behaviour on tomato (Tosh and Brogan 2015;Lei et al 1997Lei et al , 1999Lei et al , 2001. The different waveforms produced by the completion of a partial electrical circuit between the plant and the whitefly's stylet when the whitefly probes the plant correspond to different feeding behaviours of the whitefly.…”

Section: Electrical Penetration Graph Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel resistance mechanisms of a wild tomato against the glasshouse whitefly

McDaniel

Tosh

Gatehouse

et al. 2016

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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The glasshouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, is an important pest of many crop plants including tomato, Solanum lycopersicum. Many wild tomato species exhibit a higher resistance to whiteflies. Therefore, locating the source of this enhanced resistance and breeding it into commercial tomato species is an important strategy to reduce the impact of pests on crops. Here, we assessed the pest resistance of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium by comparing oviposition and feeding data from T. vaporariorum on this wild tomato species with data collected from a susceptible commercial tomato, S. lycopersicum var. 'Elegance'. The location of resistance factors was examined by use of electrical penetration graph (EPG) studies on these tomato species. Results show that whiteflies preferentially settled on the commercial tomato more often in 80 % of the replicates when given free choice between the two tomato species and laid significantly fewer eggs on L. pimpinellifolium. Whiteflies exhibited a shorter duration of the second feeding bout, reduced pathway phase probing, longer salivation in the phloem and more non-probing activities in the early stages of the EPG on the wild tomato species compared to the commercial tomato. These findings evidence that a dual mode of resistance is present in this wild tomato against T. vaporariorum: a post-penetration, pre-phloem resistance mechanism and a phloem-located factor, which to the best of our knowledge is the first time that evidence for this has been presented. These findings can be used to inform future breeding strategies to increase the resistance of commercial tomato varieties against this important pest.

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Section: Electrical Penetration Graph Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel resistance mechanisms of a wild tomato against the glasshouse whitefly

McDaniel

Tosh

Gatehouse

et al. 2016

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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“…Stylet penetration or probing behaviour of sucking insects can be studied with Electrical Penetration Graphs, EPG (Tjallingii, 1978). The insect is part of an electrical circuit which is closed when the stylets are inserted into the tissue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance inducing agents on the biology and probing behaviour of the greenbug in wheat

Pereira¹,

Moraes²,

Prado³

et al. 2010

Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.)

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The greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the main pestinsects of wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.). Resistance inducing agents as silicon (Si) and acibenzolar-s-methyl (ASM) can provide some protection against insects and diseases. The effect of Si and/or ASM on the development and probing behaviour of S. graminum in wheat plants was evaluated. Wheat plants (cultivar Embrapa 22) were treated with Si (silicic acid at the rate of 1%) and acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) at the rate of 0.5%. The effects of these treatments on greenbugs were analyzed by development parameters, honeydew excretion and probing behavior monitored by Electrical Penetration Graphs (EPG). The development and honeydew experiments consisted of ten replications each and EPG experiment was replicated 25 times. The application of both resistance inducing agents reduced fecundity, prolonged the duration of pre-reproductive period, and decreased honeydew production. Induced resistance was localized mainly at phloem level and caused a strong reduction of phloem sap ingestion, but some effect of ASM at parenchyma/mesophyll level could not be discounted as far fewer aphids reached the sieve elements. Key words: S. graminum, EPG, ASM, silicon, induced resistance Agentes indutores de resistência na biologia e no comportamento alimentar do pulgão-verde em trigoRESUMO: O pulgão-verde Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) é um dos principais insetospraga da cultura do trigo (Triticum aestivum, L.). Agentes que induzem resistência como silício e acibenzolars-methyl (ASM) podem fornecer proteção às plantas contra insetos e doenças. Avaliou-se o efeito do silício e/ ou ASM no desenvolvimento e comportamento alimentar de S. graminum em plantas de trigo. Plantas de trigo cultivar Embrapa 22 foram tratadas com silício (ácido silícico a 1%) e acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) a 0.5%. Os parâmetros estudados foram biologia, excreção de honeydew e comportamento alimentar (de prova) monitorado por meio da técnica Electrical Penetration Graphs (EPG). Para o estudo de biologia e excreção de honeydew foram usadas dez repetições e 25 para EPG. A aplicação de agentes indutores de resistência reduziu o número de ninfas, prolongando a duração de período de pré-reprodutivo e o número de gotas de honeydew. O efeito de resistência foi localizado principalmente no floema, com redução de ingestão de seiva elaborada.

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“…These intracellular punctures can be recorded and visualized as potential drops (pd) (Fig. 1) using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique (DC method ; Tjallingii, 1978). Potential drops show three different phases (Tjallingii, 1985) and the second, truly intracellular phase has been sub-divided into three distinct sub-phases (II-1, II-2 and II-3 ; Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Abundant salivation during aphid probing (visualized using EPGs as a specific waveform B ; Tjallingii, 1978) continues until puncturing of the plasmalemma of an epidermal or mesophyll cell. At that point, we believe that saliva excretion flushes the virus particles into the cytoplasm.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intracellular ingestion and salivation by aphids may cause the acquisition and inoculation of non-persistently transmitted plant viruses.

Martin

Collar²,

Tjallingii³

et al. 1997

Journal of General Virology

326

317

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Transmission of non-persistent plant viruses is related to aphid behaviour during superficial brief probes. A widely accepted hypothesis postulates that virus acquisition occurs during ingestion of plant cell contents, and inoculation during egestion or regurgitation of previously ingested sap. Although conceptually attractive, this ingestionegestion hypothesis has not been clearly demonstrated. Furthermore, it overlooks the anatomy of the tips of the stylets (mouthparts) and, consequently, the potential role of salivation in the inoculation process. Here, we used the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique to investigate aphid-stylet activities associated with uptake (acquisition) and release (inoculation) of two nonpersistently transmitted viruses. Our results show that acquisition occurs primarily during the last sub-phase (II-3) of intracellular stylet punctures, whereas inoculation is achieved during the first sub-phase (II-1). An alternative mechanism to the ingestion-egestion hypothesis is proposed on the basis of our findings.The transmission of non-persistent plant viruses is unique to aphids (Homoptera : Aphididae) because they exhibit specific and characteristic activities during brief (a few seconds or minutes) and superficial probes, involved in host plant recognition (Pollard, 1973). Two different hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanism of transmission. The first, so-called stylet-borne hypothesis (Kennedy et al., 1962),

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Electronic Recording of Penetration Behaviour by Aphids

Cited by 451 publications

References 7 publications

Novel resistance mechanisms of a wild tomato against the glasshouse whitefly

Novel resistance mechanisms of a wild tomato against the glasshouse whitefly

Resistance inducing agents on the biology and probing behaviour of the greenbug in wheat

Intracellular ingestion and salivation by aphids may cause the acquisition and inoculation of non-persistently transmitted plant viruses.

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