Electronic nose responses and acute phase proteins correlate in blood using a bovine model of respiratory infection☆

Abstract

This study aimed (i) to assess the ability of electronic nose (e-nose) technology to differentiate between blood samples of experimentally infected and non-infected subjects, and (ii) to evaluate e-nose responses given by volatile organic compounds in relation to the acute phase reaction

Physiological variability in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath and released from faeces due to nutrition and somatic growth in a standardized caprine animal model

“…Therefore, the clinical application of VOC analysis may be a promising tool for the non-invasive diagnosis of metabolic, inflammatory, or infectious diseases in humans (Spanel and Smith 2011, Buszewski et al 2013, Wang and Wang 2013 and animals (Dobbelaar et al 1996, Knobloch et al 2010, Purkhart et al 2011, Peled et al 2012, Ellis et al 2014.…”

Laboratory and Postmortem Diagnosis of Bovine Respiratory Disease

“…[45][46][47] Compared with the rapid (24 hours) increase in serum haptoglobin within 24 hours of the induction of pneumonic pasteurellosis, the response to BRSV or BVDV infection is more delayed, occurring during a period of 4-8 days and corresponding with the onset of a febrile response to the viral infection. 45,[48][49][50] The findings of these experimental studies extend to the naturally occurring disease, in which increased serum haptoglobin level has been correlated with the presence of fever and clinical diagnosis of BRD. 46,47,51,52 Tests to measure other APPs, including lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and serum amyloid A, are not routinely available but may have advantages of earlier peak concentration.…”

“…46,47,51,52 Tests to measure other APPs, including lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and serum amyloid A, are not routinely available but may have advantages of earlier peak concentration. 50,53 In other studies, measuring fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, or a 1 -acid glycoprotein, have not effectively distinguished between healthy cattle and those with respiratory disease under field conditions. 46,47,51,52 Animals need to be sampled early in the course of disease, at the onset of clinical signs, for haptoglobin and other APPs to have good diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.…”

Applications of Electronic-Nose Technologies for Noninvasive Early Detection of Plant, Animal and Human Diseases

“…E-nose instruments, utilized hitherto for early diagnosis of TB, caused by M. bovis, in badgers and cattle contained sensor arrays, consisted of a conducting polymer (CP) and gold nanoparticle (GNP) sensor arrays, respectively [37,126,131]. In both cases, the instruments detected unique mixtures of VOC-metabolites characteristic of the disease in different animal species.…”

“…Disease biomarkers identified for catfish, livestock, and several wildlife diseases may facilitate e-nose early disease detections in aquatic and terrestrial environments [37,[126][127][128][129][130][131]134]. The discovery of geosmin (1,10-trans-dimethyl-trans-(9)-decanol) and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), VOC-biomarker secondary metabolites associated with systemic infection of live catfish by aquatic Actinobacteria, were determined to be the main VOCs present or absent in the headspace of raw skinless catfish flesh [158,159].…”