“…From the start, it was always in England and Wales that dystopian fears about the future trajectory and impact of EM were most easily grounded. A Conservative, nascently neoliberal, government piloted RF EM as a standalone sanction and handed delivery of service to contracted commercial organisations, rather than the probation service, whose social work ethos it never ceased to castigate, and whose continued existence it refused to assure (Nellis 1991(Nellis , 2003Mair and Nellis 2013 ). A succession of neoliberal governments continued to expand EM and to denigrate probation as a public sector service, culminating in its almost complete privatisation in early 2015, by a Conservative-led coalition government.…”