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Recent years have witnessed an increase in new 'technologies of control' that decrease reliance upon labour intensive forms of policing. The electronic monitoring of offenders represents just one section of the expanding industry in 'techno-corrections' that incorporates elements of the private security, military and telecommunications industries. The surveillance capacity generated by these industries has diverted attention away from the role of human agency in the implementation of surveillance services. This paper is concerned with the reliance of 'technologies of control' upon 'street-level surveillance' which involves a shift in focus away from the capacity of surveillance technologies and towards the actions of agents of control, offenders and the local community, in ensuring the successful operation of electronic monitoring services.

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This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. PATERSON, Craig and CLAMP, Kerry (2012). Exploring recent developments in restorative policing in England and Wales. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 12 (5), 593-611. Published version Copyright and re-use policySee http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archivehttp://shura.shu.ac.uk IntroductionThe continued progress of police reform in England and Wales towards a local, community-oriented and engaged service is exemplified by the police embrace of  The authors would like to thank Dr Steve Tong for his valuable comments on an earlier version of this article as well as the anonymous reviewers for their observations and critique of the final piece of work.2 restorative justice. The twin drivers behind restorative policing 1 initiatives are a desire to increase community confidence in the police coupled with an acknowledgement of the limited capacity of formal state agencies to manage problems of crime and deviance.Distinct commonalities exist within contemporary political discourse in the fields of restorative justice and community policing surrounding active citizen participation, social inclusion, community cohesion and improved informal social controls that aim to foster more civilised, self-regulating conduct amongst citizens. From this perspective, restorative justice presents an opportunity to improve the delivery of policing services through enhanced police discretionary decision-making, community engagement and the reduction of the bureaucratic burden placed upon police officers. A more critical perspective raises concerns about the dilution of restorative principles within policing through a complex policy process.For the past two decades the relationship between policing and restorative justice has been explored in a number of international jurisdictions, most notably Shewan, 2010). But, while a number of statutory initiatives have been evaluated, there is 'no current overview, let alone monitoring, of all the restorative justice initiatives which are ongoing' (Shapland, 2009: 122). This makes it difficult to discuss with any certainty the quality or 'restorativeness' of the initiatives adopted by police forces around the country.This paper explores the recent restorative policy initiatives that are being introduced by the police to respond to both low-level and more serious offending. At this juncture it is important that a caveat be drawn. The authors are not arguing for or against an increase in the adoption of restorative practices by the police in their response to crime. Instead, we review the current experimentation and accompanying rhetoric of restorative justice adoption and integration within policing and give due attention to the potential problems that such a strategy may elicit. There is a wide body of literature that is critical of an increase in restorative practice within the criminal justice sector and more specificall...

The increasingly psychological terrain of crime and disorder management has had a transformative impact upon the use of electronic monitoring technologies. Surveillance technologies such as electronic monitoring - EM, biometrics, and video surveillance have flourished in commercial environments that market the benefits of asocial technologies in managing disorderly behavior and which, despite often chimerical crime prevention promises, appeal to the ontologically insecure social imagination. The growth of EM in criminal justice has subsequently taken place despite, at best, equivocal evidence that it protects the public and reduces recidivism. Innovative developments in Portugal, Argentina and the United States have re-imagined EM technologies as more personalized devices that can support victims rather than control offenders. These developments represent a re-conceptualization of the use of the technology beyond the neoliberal prism of rational choice theories and offender-oriented thinking that influenced first generation thinking about EM. This paper identifies the socio-political influences that helped conceptualize first generation thinking about EM as, firstly, a community sentence and latterly, as a technique of urban security. The paper reviews attempts to theorize the role and function of EM surveillance technologies within and beyond criminal justice and explores the contribution of victimological perspectives to the use of EM 2.0.

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