Electronic liquid crystal contact lenses for the correction of presbyopia

Milton, Harry E; Morgan, Philip B.; Clamp, John; Gleeson, Helen F.

doi:10.1364/oe.22.008035

Cited by 66 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…planar aligned with ITO electrodes, planar aligned with graphene electrode and homeotropic aligned, were characterized for their optical and electrical properties [2][3][4][5]. Polarizing microscopy images of the contact lens revealed the quality of the alignment both for planar [2,5] and homeotropic geometry. The focal power of the lens was measured as a function of applied voltage using a method described previously [3].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrates have been employed in various lens designs [2][3][4] mainly due to their historic link with the contact lens industry. The lower PMMA substrate has to been designed with its radius of curvature matching that of the corneal dimensions (typically a 7.8 mm radius of curvature) for optimum placement on the eye.…”

Section: Design and Construction Of The Lensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the first successfully created electrically switchable liquid crystal contact lenses utilized the planar aligned geometry [2,3]. Figure 1 shows the design and geometry of the substrates and the liquid crystal layer between them, which dictate the optical power of the complete system.…”

Section: Planar Aligned Liquid Crystal Contact Lensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A unique and extremely promising approach is the use of liquid crystal contact lenses that can provide compromise-free vision in the whole field of view. A distinguishing feature of such liquid crystal contact lenses is the ability to provide additional optical power for near vision tasks on application of low voltages (ON state) with the eye able to perform distance vision tasks normally in the OFF state of the contact lens [2][3][4]. The change in optical power is facilitated by the changing refractive index of the liquid crystal system on application of a voltage and can be continuous, offering mid-distance vision correction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We report the electro-optical performance of such contact lens systems in two different modes of liquid crystal geometry; planar (homogeneous) [2,3] and vertically aligned (homeotropic) [4]. We further describe the optimisation of such systems with the inclusion of graphene electrodes instead of Indium Tin Oxide electrodes (ITO) [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid crystal contact lenses with graphene electrodes and switchable focus

Gleeson

Kaur

2016

MRS Advances

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Presbyopia is a ubiquitous age-related disability of the eye, affecting an estimated 1.04 billion people worldwide, reducing their ability to focus on nearby objects. The various solutions to this inevitable vision deterioration are not compromise-free, with a growing need for approaches beyond conventional spectacles. The research motivation for this work is the unique solution offered by liquid crystal (LC) contact lenses to create compromise-free vision across the whole field of view. The distinctive property of LC lenses is that they are switchable, with the application of a voltage activating the lens. The change in focal power is facilitated via a voltagedependent change in refractive index of the LC. We have successfully demonstrated several versions of electrically switchable LC contact lenses with variable additional optical power of up to +3.00 D, ideal for the correction of presbyopia.This paper offers a review of the optical and electro-optical performance recently demonstrated for the different modes of operation realized in nematic systems, including planar (homogeneous) and vertically aligned (homeotropic) aligned devices. The change in optical power obtained depends on the choice of geometry and LC material. A material with higher birefringence allows a thinner LC-lens layer to achieve a particular focal power. In the homeotropic geometry, the refractive index of the LC layer is a minimum in the 'off' state (ordinary refractive index, ) and the mode is polarization-independent, offering a significant advantage over planar lens designs. The construction is also simplified as only one alignment layer needs to be rubbed. Depending on the geometry used, continuously variable changes in focal power of up to +3.00D have been achieved. The response time of the lenses can be better than half a second, achieved with small applied voltages of . A further important stage in the optimization of the contact lenses is the inclusion of graphene as the electrodes. Conventional ITO electrodes are too brittle for these flexible optical systems. The paper also reviews the successful incorporation of graphene into the lenses, with excellent optical and electro-optical results. The device demonstrates the huge potential of graphene in an unconventional liquid crystal device geometry that includes curvature over a relatively large area.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Design and Construction Of The Lensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Planar Aligned Liquid Crystal Contact Lensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid crystal contact lenses with graphene electrodes and switchable focus

Gleeson

Kaur

2016

MRS Advances

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2D Titanium Carbide (Ti₃C₂T_x) in Accommodating Intraocular Lens Design

Ward

Lacey²,

Crua

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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While intraocular lenses (IOL) are used to restore visual acuity in cataract patients, they are limited in their development as no clinically available lens can effectively mimic the accommodative function of the eye's natural lens. The optoelectronic properties of 2D transition metal carbides and/or nitrides (MXenes), including high electronic conductivity, optical transparency, flexibility, biocompatibility, and hydrophilicity, suggest potential use within an accommodating IOL. This study investigates the use of Ti 3 C 2 T x (MXene) as a transparent, conductive electrode to allow changes in optical power. Ti 3 C 2 T x is synthesized and spin-coated on hydrophobic acrylate IOLs, achieving a sheet resistance ranging from 0.2-1.0 kΩ sq −1 with 50-80% transmittance in the visible region. Human lens epithelial and monocytic cells show no cytotoxic nor inflammatory response to the coated lenses. An adjustable focus test cell is fabricated using a liquid crystal (LC) layer sandwiched between Ti 3 C 2 T x coatings on a solid support. Molecular reorientation of the LC layer, through an applied electric field, results in changes in optical power as objects viewed through the test cell appeared in and out of focus. This study is the first step toward the use of Ti 3 C 2 T x within an accommodative IOL design through demonstration of reversible, controlled, adjustable focus.

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Stretchable Transparent Conductors: from Micro/Macromechanics to Applications

Chen

Fang

et al. 2019

Advanced Materials

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electronics include stretchable solar cells, [2] stretchable organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), [3] stretchable field-effect transistors (FETs), [4] stretchable supercapacitors, [5] stretchable actuators [6] and heaters, [7] etc. The emerging of stretchable electronics has foreseen the revolution of future electronics, ranging from design, shape and functions to installation, applications and even user experience. For example, stretchable optoelectronics, such as solar cells and OLEDs, are conformable, rollable and foldable. They can be installed on irregularly shaped roof or side walls of buildings, vehicles and other public utilities. Similarly, stretchable sensors used as e-skin can not only fit motions at joints of human or robots with tensile strain of large than 100%, [1e] but also sense signals related to strain, temperature, humidity and even blood pressure. [8] Moreover, the integration of different kinds of stretchable electronics may exhibit diversity in functions. [9] For instance, wearable devices of stretchable energy harvesting and storage electronics combining with stretchable sensors and heaters may sense the biomedical signal and keep the patient warm with the power collected from solar/friction energy. More potential applications of stretchable electronics in different fields, not restricted to the above examples, will be seen in the future.Stretchable transparent conductors (STCs) are fundamental components in stretchable electronics. They generally consist of a stretchable transparent polymeric substrate and a layer of conducting elements on or embedded in the substrate. The substrates involve poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) and polyacrylate-based elastomers [10] while the conducting elements include conducting polymers, [11] metal nanowires, [12] carbon nanotubes (CNTs), [13] graphene [14] or their hybrids. The substrates generally show transmittance of higher than 90% [15] and can be stretched to a strain of larger than 100%, e.g., PDMS and VHB (a typical acrylic elastomer) could exhibit a fracture tensile strain up to ≈160% [16] and several hundred percentages, [6a,17] respectively. STCs could be considered as the combination of transparent conductors and stretchable conductors; [18] they can simultaneously show stable conductivity and transparency upon deformation, including bending, folding, twisting, crumpling, stretching, etc. The transparency of STCs is attributed to the low attenuation of visible light by the substrate and the conducting layer. The conductivity is obtained due to the continuity of conducting layer either via uniform film or the connection of Stretchable transparent conductors (STCs), generally consisting of conducting networks and stretchable transparent elastomers, can maintain stable conductivity and transparency even at large tensile strain, beyond the reach of rigid/flexible transparent conductors. They are essential components in stretchable/wearable electronics for using on irregular 3D conformable surfaces and have attracted tremendous attention ...

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Electronic liquid crystal contact lenses for the correction of presbyopia

Cited by 66 publications

References 13 publications

Liquid crystal contact lenses with graphene electrodes and switchable focus

Liquid crystal contact lenses with graphene electrodes and switchable focus

2D Titanium Carbide (Ti₃C₂T_x) in Accommodating Intraocular Lens Design

Stretchable Transparent Conductors: from Micro/Macromechanics to Applications

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Electronic liquid crystal contact lenses for the correction of presbyopia

Cited by 66 publications

References 13 publications

Liquid crystal contact lenses with graphene electrodes and switchable focus

Liquid crystal contact lenses with graphene electrodes and switchable focus

2D Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2Tx) in Accommodating Intraocular Lens Design

Stretchable Transparent Conductors: from Micro/Macromechanics to Applications

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Product

Resources

About

2D Titanium Carbide (Ti₃C₂T_x) in Accommodating Intraocular Lens Design