Electronic Contact Lens: A Platform for Wireless Health Monitoring Applications

Yuan, Mengyao; Das, Rupam; Ghannam, Rami; Wang, Yinhao; Reboud, Julien; Fromme, Roland; Moradi, Farshad; Heidari, Hadi

doi:10.1002/aisy.201900190

Cited by 58 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Wireless powering is one of the heavily applied technical areas of microwave flexible electronics, having demonstrated its important utility in implantable devices where conventional conductive wires were not preferred. [32,35,210,265] By encapsulating a stretchable antenna and rigid Schottky diodes-based rectifier in stretchable elastomer, a fully implantable optoelectronic systems with wireless powering at 2.34 GHz has been demonstrated (Figure 10c). [210] Chiou et al also reported wireless powering and data transmission systems by integrating rigid sensor readout circuit, analog/RF front end and digital processors with flexible antenna and flexible sensors to monitor intraocular pressure.…”

Section: Flexible and Stretchable Microwave Electronic Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible and Stretchable Microwave Electronics: Past, Present, and Future Perspective

Zhang

Lan

Qiu

et al. 2020

Adv Materials Technologies

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2000759 (6 of 38) www.advmattechnol.de Figure 4. Flexible microwave transistors. a) Schematic illustration of fabrication process flow of flexible microwave TFTs based on Si nanomembrane. Left, two-step transfer-printing of Si nanomembrane on flexible substrate with assist of PDMS stamp. Right, direct flip-printing Si nanomembrane on flexible substrate. Reproduced with permission. [72] Copyright 2010, Wiley-VCH. b) Flexible microwave Si TFT using direct flip-printing approach in (a). Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. [75] Copyright 2016, Springer Nature. c) Flexible microwave Si TFT using two-step approach in (a). Reproduced with permission. [72] Copyright 2010, Wiley-VCH. d) Cross-section SEM image of flexible Si MOSFET made by thinning a 65 nm node SOI wafer. Reproduced with permission. [45] Copyright 2013, American Institute of Physics. e) Optical images of flexible GaAs HBT on cellulose nanofibril (CNF) substrate. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. [90] Copyright 2015, Springer Nature. f) Schematic illustration and normalized on-state conductance (G/G 0), maximum transconductance (g m /g m0) of flexible InAs MOSFET with self-aligned gate. Reproduced with permission. [53] Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society. g) Cross-section schematic illustration and gain curves of flexible InGaAs/InAlAs HEMT as function of frequency under various bending conditions. Reproduced with permission. [91] Copyright 2013, American Institute of Physics. h) Output power density (P OUT), power gain (G P) and power-added efficiency (PAE) of the flexible GaN HEMT on thermal conductive tape with thermal conductivity of 1.6 W m −1 K −1. Reproduced with permission. [92] Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH. i) Photography of AlGaN/GaN film grown on BN coated sapphire substrate and printed on flexible tape. Reproduced with permission. [19] Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH. j) Cross-section schematic illustration of bottom gate flexible graphene FET (GFET). Reproduced with permission. [93] Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society. k) Cross-section schematic illustration of top gate flexible GFET with self-aligned gate configuration. Reproduced with permission. [94] Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society. l) High-frequency characteristics of flexible GFET with gate length of 50 nm. Reproduced with permission. [95] Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. m) Schematic illustration and gain curves of flexible microwave transistor based on MoS 2 as function of frequency. Reproduced with permission. [96] Copyright 2014, Springer Nature. n) High-frequency characteristics of flexible microwave transistor based on black phosphorus (BP) as function of frequency. Reproduced with permission.

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Section: Flexible and Stretchable Microwave Electronic Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible and Stretchable Microwave Electronics: Past, Present, and Future Perspective

Zhang

Lan

Qiu

et al. 2020

Adv Materials Technologies

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“…Smart CLs are wearable devices for health monitoring, sensing, or diagnostic capabilities. [ 15,16,98–101 ] Recently, smart CLs are extensively studied to continuously monitor vital signs from ocular conditions (e.g., dry eye, glaucoma) to monitor diseases such as diabetes [ 98,102–107 ] as well as physiological level of pH. [ 102,108 ] Figure shows examples of the smart CLs.…”

Section: Smart Clsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for Additive Manufacturing in Contact Lens Devices

et al. 2020

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Additive manufacturing (3D printing) has the ability to architect structures at microscale, giving rise to the development of functional contact lenses (CLs) with inbuilt sensing capabilities. 3D printing technology enables fabrication of CLs without surface geometry restrictions. Spherical, nonspherical, symmetric, and asymmetric lenses can be manufactured in an integrated production process. Advantages of 3D printing over conventional techniques include fast and easy production, one‐step manufacturing, and no post processing such as grinding or polishing. In addition, and most significantly, 3D printing can create chambers within the wall of the lenses by taking the advantage of computer‐aided modeling and layer‐by‐layer deposition of the materials. These inbuilt chambers can be used for loading drugs and sensing elements. The computer‐aided design modeling can allow for manufacturing of patient‐specific CLs. This article focuses on the 3D‐printing approaches and the challenges faced in fabricating CLs. 3D‐printing technology as a technique for manufacturing of CLs is discussed, in addition to the manufacturing challenges and the possible solutions to overcome the obstacles.

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“…An exposure time of 15 mins provided the best results when using 100% infill from the PolySmooth TM filament. The smoothness of the mould increases with an increased exposure time, but overexposure may cause its dimensions to alter, since the 3D-printed mould was based on the eye's real curvature, over-exposure will degrade the contact lens' wearability [39]. Use of 3D moulds has been reported in the literature, and the rough surfaces resulting from 3D-printing found to be problematic [40], causing user discomfort due to friction from the contact lens surface [41].…”

Section: Contact Lens Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spintronic Sensors Based on Magnetic Tunnel Junctions for Wireless Eye Movement Gesture Control

Tanwear

Liang

Liu

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst.

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The tracking of eye gesture movements using wearable technologies can undoubtedly improve quality of life for people with mobility and physical impairments by using spintronic sensors based on the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) effect in a human-machine interface. Our design involves integrating three TMR sensors on an eyeglass frame for detecting relative movement between the sensor and tiny magnets embedded in an in-house fabricated contact lens. Using TMR sensors with the sensitivity of 11mV/V/Oe and ten <1 mm 3 embedded magnets within a lens, an eye gesture system was implemented with a sampling frequency of up to 28 Hz. Three discrete eye movements were successfully classified when a participant looked up, right or left using a threshold-based classifier. Moreover, our proof-ofconcept real-time interaction system was tested on 13 participants, who played a simplified Tetris game using their eye movements. Our results show that all participants were successful in completing the game with an average accuracy of 90.8%.

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Electronic Contact Lens: A Platform for Wireless Health Monitoring Applications

Cited by 58 publications

References 37 publications

Flexible and Stretchable Microwave Electronics: Past, Present, and Future Perspective

Flexible and Stretchable Microwave Electronics: Past, Present, and Future Perspective

Prospects for Additive Manufacturing in Contact Lens Devices

Spintronic Sensors Based on Magnetic Tunnel Junctions for Wireless Eye Movement Gesture Control

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