Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquids: Child-Resistant Packaging, Nicotine Content, and Sales to Minors

Buettner-Schmidt, Kelly; Miller, Donald R.; Balasubramanian, Narayanaganesh

doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2016.03.019

Cited by 37 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…5,6,108–180 Ten additional studies were published on methods to analyze ENDS liquids and vapor. 181–190 One study measured hazardous waste potential of ENDS disposal.…”

Section: Evidence Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review

Glasser

Collins

Pearson

et al. 2017

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

418

332

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Context Rapid developments in e-cigarettes, or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), and the evolution of the overall tobacco product marketplace warrant frequent evaluation of the published literature. The purpose of this article is to report updated findings from a comprehensive review of the published scientific literature on ENDS. Evidence acquisition The authors conducted a systematic review of published empirical research literature on ENDS through May 31, 2016, using a detailed search strategy in the PubMed electronic database, expert review, and additional targeted searches. Included studies presented empirical findings and were coded to at least one of nine topics: (1) Product Features; (2) Health Effects; (3) Consumer Perceptions; (4) Patterns of Use; (5) Potential to Induce Dependence; (6) Smoking Cessation; (7) Marketing and Communication; (8) Sales; and (9) Policies; reviews and commentaries were excluded. Data from included studies were extracted by multiple coders (October 2015 to August 2016) into a standardized form and synthesized qualitatively by topic. Evidence synthesis There were 686 articles included in this systematic review. The majority of studies assessed patterns of ENDS use and consumer perceptions of ENDS, followed by studies examining health effects of vaping and product features. Conclusions Studies indicate that ENDS are increasing in use, particularly among current smokers, pose substantially less harm to smokers than cigarettes, are being used to reduce/quit smoking, and are widely available. More longitudinal studies and controlled trials are needed to evaluate the impact of ENDS on population-level tobacco use and determine the health effects of longer-term vaping.

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“…5,6,108–180 Ten additional studies were published on methods to analyze ENDS liquids and vapor. 181–190 One study measured hazardous waste potential of ENDS disposal.…”

Section: Evidence Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review

Glasser

Collins

Pearson

et al. 2017

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

418

332

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…(These reports may underestimate nicotine exposure because 8%–12% of students responded “don't know” to questions about e-cigarette contents, 1, 2, 4 and e-cigarettes labeled “nicotine-free” often contain nicotine. 5, 6 ) Nicotine exposure during adolescence can affect memory, attention, and emotional regulation. 7 E-cigarette aerosol has been linked to cell damage, 8 lung inflammation, asthma, 9 and respiratory infections.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

E-cigarettes and National Adolescent Cigarette Use: 2004–2014

Dutra¹,

Glantz

2017

Pediatrics

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Background E-cigarette use is rapidly increasing among adolescents in the United States, with some suggesting that e-cigarettes are the cause of declining youth cigarette smoking. We hypothesized that the decline in youth smoking changed after e-cigarettes arrived on the US market in 2007. Methods Data were collected by using cross-sectional, nationally representative school-based samples of sixth- through 12th-graders from 2004–2014 National Youth Tobacco Surveys (samples ranged from 16 614 in 2013 to 25 324 in 2004). Analyses were conducted by using interrupted time series of ever (≥1 puff) and current (last 30 days) cigarette smoking. Logistic regression was used to identify psychosocial risk factors associated with cigarette smoking in the 2004–2009 samples; this model was then applied to estimate the probability of cigarette smoking among cigarette smokers and e-cigarette users in the 2011–2014 samples. Results Youth cigarette smoking decreased linearly between 2004 and 2014 (P = .009 for ever smoking and P = .05 for current smoking), with no significant change in this trend after 2009 (P = .57 and .23). Based on the psychosocial model of smoking, including demographic characteristics, willingness to wear clothing with a tobacco logo, living with a smoker, likelihood of smoking in the next year, likelihood of smoking cigarettes from a friend, and use of tobacco products other than cigarettes or e-cigarettes, the model categorized <25% of current e-cigarette–only users (between 11.0% in 2012 and 23.1% in 2013) as current smokers. Conclusions The introduction of e-cigarettes was not associated with a change in the linear decline in cigarette smoking among youth. E-cigarette–only users would be unlikely to have initiated tobacco product use with cigarettes.

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“…Although some companies already include health warnings on their packaging voluntarily, there is no enforcement of the accuracy of these warnings, and previous studies have shown that the ingredients of e-liquids often differ from those listed on the packaging. 21,22 For example, liquids labeled as 0% nicotine have been found to contain nicotine, 23 and some liquids labeled as containing caffeine or other "energy" ingredients actually did not contain those ingredients. 24 This this study was purely observational and did not educate the participants about the possibility of incorrect or misleading warning labels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%