Electronic bandgap miniaturized UWB antenna for near-field microwave investigation of skin

Abstract

Near-field microwave investigation and tomography has many practical applications, especially where the trend of fields and signals in different environments is vital. This article shows an elliptical patch ultra-wideband antenna fed by a transmission line for the near-field characterization of cancerous cells in the skin. The antenna comprises an elliptical patch, stub loading to shift the band to lower bands, and an electronic bandgap structure on the ground side. Even though the antenna has a low profile of 15 × 15 mm2, the proposed antenna has more promising results than recent studies. Furthermore, both simulated near-field and far-field results show a broad bandwidth of 3.9–30 GHz and a resonance at 2.4 GHz applicable for industrial, scientific, and medical band applications. The proposed antenna also illustrates a peak gain of 6.48 dBi and a peak directivity of 7.09 dBi. Free space and skin (on a layer of breast fat and a tumor with a diameter of 4 mm at the boundary of skin and breast) are used as test environments during the simulation and measurement of near-field and far-field investigations while considering a phantom breast shape. Both far-field and near-field microwave investigations are performed in Computer Simulation Technology studio, and results are then compared with the measured data. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement, and the focused energy around the tumor is completely reconstructed. Therefore, the proposed antenna can be an adequate candidate for the differentiation of breast skin and tumor to reconstruct the tumor’s image.

In vitro detection of skin cancer using anUWBstacked micro strip patch antenna with microwave imaging

“…The proposed set up is less complicated as compared to the work reported in. [41][42][43] In reference 43, author proposed flexible an antenna of dimensions 54.8 Â 46.57 with a gain of 6.7 dB that was able to detect the presence of cancer inside the skin on the basis of the gain of the antenna in the presence of phantom (with and without the skin cancer). The decision on the presence of cancer was made on the basis of gain and current density.…”

“…The novelty of the presented research work is mentioned in the Table 4. This proposed technique (mono static) is simple and easy to implement as compared to the multistatic radar based MWI techniques available in literature 41 . In reference 41, the author proposed a multi‐static radar based technique to detect the presence of cancer in skin with a proposed antenna of size 15× 15 mm 2 .…”

Microwave Imaging of Breast Skin Utilizing Elliptical UWB Antenna and Reverse Problems Algorithm

“…The antenna was designed on a substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.55. The UWB antenna used for this investigation had an operating bandwidth of the proposed UWB antenna, which obtained a fractional bandwidth of almost 26.1 GHz [31]. Thus, it will be a good candidate for imaging purposes since it has broad bandwidth (wider bandwidth gives a higher range resolution).…”

“…The isolation among the array elements can be shown by the transmission coefficient of the array elements and shows how the array elements affect and interact with each other. The Sn1 factor shown in [31] showed that the array elements were in acceptable isolation since the Sn1 was less than −18 dB at most of the working BW of 3.9-30 GHz. Furthermore, the antenna obtained a peak gain of 6.48 dBi and radiation efficiency of more than 90%.…”

“…Furthermore, the antenna obtained a peak gain of 6.48 dBi and radiation efficiency of more than 90%. All these parameters have already been published and explained by the authors in [31]. Therefore, they are not explained here, and only the electromagnetic modeling and behavior are presented.…”