Electronegativity and Bond Type. 3. Origins of Bond Type

Sproul, Gordon

doi:10.1021/j100101a023

Cited by 13 publications

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“… − Others have used plots of functions of EN to show chemical and physical characteristics. Such plots have utilized not only cardinal EN values of the element of higher value (ENhi) along with those of the element of lower EN value (ENlo) but also functions of EN values, such as differences of EN (ΔEN = ENhi – ENlo), sums of EN (ΣEN = ENhi + ENlo), averages of EN (ENavg = ΣEN/2), and ratios of EN (ENlo/ENhi), to show how these terms relate to various chemical characteristics. − Such cardinal and derivatized functions have also been used to assess the separation and overlap of crystal structures in structural diagrams. − The conundrum for chemists is that, despite recognizing EN’s utility, its nature remains ambiguous. − During its long history including the development of dozens of scales, EN has not had a commonly accepted coherent model that defines it both qualitatively and quantitatively. For want of any reference to which a new scale could be compared, Pauling’s EN scale has typically been the default model used to confirm the validity of these scales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardinal Electronegativity Values Correlate with Physicochemical Properties

Sproul

2021

Inorg. Chem.

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The use of the difference in electronegativity (EN) function is shown to be fundamentally untenable for differentiating ionic from covalent bonding in binary compounds. Also, the commonly used parameters of differences and averages of EN values do not provide a direct correlation with metallic, ionic, or covalent chemical bonding types. On the other hand, the cardinal coordinates of lower and higher EN values readily demonstrate such a correlation. Graphs and similar tables of these two parameters show how chemical bonding combines and separates a mixture of these three bonding types. The orthogonal axes of these two cardinal functions indicate that there are two separate contributors to bonding: a band-gap (conductive) and a polarity (insulative) component that together produce the variety of chemical bonding types. These characteristics arise from absolute and differential electronic potentials. This two-dimensional perspective provides the means for interpreting the nature of EN.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardinal Electronegativity Values Correlate with Physicochemical Properties

Sproul

2021

Inorg. Chem.

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“…Chemical bonds cannot be found at the bottom and right sides of the CT, as well as at M and I vertices (this is why these sides are shown as dotted lines) due to the fact that C C cannot be equal 0. In the same direction work is underway in the United States and Europe, but there are no attempts to quantify the metallic character, to develop a single model of chemical bonding [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] aiming at the creation of a truly chemical system in the form of a Chemical triangle [12,13]. As a result, the use of this basic scientific innovation for the first time made a symbiosis of the approach of two outstanding Russian chemists: D. I. Mendeleev's periodic system of atoms (composition -property) and A. M. Butlerov's theory of chemical structure of matter (composition -chemical structure -property).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The proposed approach and the SCBC can be used in power engineering, chemical industry, construction, industry of nanomaterials, etc. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern materialistic understanding of the “energy” notion and the method of its systemic evaluation in chemicals

Сироткин

2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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It was shown that the traditional approaches to understanding the notion of “energy” as a work or a physical quantity are outdated. For example, R. Feynman noted that “today’s physics does not know what energy is.” Therefore, even now, some researchers believe that “by and large, the concept of energy… is artificial, because unlike matter, of which we can say that it exists, energy is the fruit of human thought.” In contrast to these ideas, the authors showed that energy, like matter, objectively exists in various forms (energy continuum), which differ in structure, and is able to perform different types of work, to determine the forms of interaction and movement of matter in various material systems (substances, material bodies and megamaterial systems). A new scientific foundation for systematization and quantitative evaluation of energy characteristics of chemical compounds was proposed. It is based on a comprehensive assessment of contribution of chemical compounds’ composition and chemical bond type in line with a chemical bond’s unified model and the “System of chemical bonds and compounds” (SCBC). As a result of using this basic scientific innovation, the symbiosis of Mendeleev’s periodic table of atoms (composition – property) and SCBC (composition - chemical bond and structure – property) was realized for the first time. The foundation was laid for creating a database on systemic digitalization and evaluation of energy stored in various chemicals (natural gas, coal, oil, peat, wood, etc.) and the most effective ways of extracting it from these.

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“…TiN 코팅막은 열적•화학적으로 안정하며 높은 내 산화성과 내마모율 그리고 낮은 마찰계수를 갖기 때문에 반도체 소자의 확산 베리어층과 금속공구의 내마모 코팅 소재로의 응용에 많은 연구가 이루어 지고 있다 [1][2][3] . 또한 TiN은 순수한 Ti(40~50 µΩ-cm) 보다 낮은 전기저항(18~25 µΩ-cm)을 갖기 때문에 차세대 NAS계 연료전지의 전극소재로서 최근 주 목받고 있다 4,5) . 일반적으로 TiN 코팅막을 제작하 는 공정에는 CAD(Cathodic Arc Deposition), EB (Electron Beam)법과 반응성 스퍼터링 등의 다양한 방법이 보고되고 있다 6,7) .…”

Section: 서 론unclassified

A Comparative Study of TiN Coatings Deposited by DC and Pulsed DC Asymmetric Bipolar Sputtering

Chun¹

2011

Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering

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This work investigated the effect of duty cycle and pulse frequency on the microstructures and properties of titanium nitride thin films deposited by asymmetric bipolar pulsed DC sputtering system. Oscilloscope traces of the I-V waveforms indicate high power and high current density outputs during the asymmetric bipolar pulsed mode. The grain size decreases with decreasing duty cycle. The duty cycle has a strong influence not only on the microstructural properties but also on the mechanical properties of titanium nitride films. Comparing with the continuous DC sputtering, the titanium nitride films prepared by pulsed DC asymmetric bipolar process exhibit better properties.

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Electronegativity and Bond Type. 3. Origins of Bond Type

Cited by 13 publications

References 1 publication

Cardinal Electronegativity Values Correlate with Physicochemical Properties

Cardinal Electronegativity Values Correlate with Physicochemical Properties

Modern materialistic understanding of the “energy” notion and the method of its systemic evaluation in chemicals

A Comparative Study of TiN Coatings Deposited by DC and Pulsed DC Asymmetric Bipolar Sputtering

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