Electron microscopy of PbO₂ deposited on a titanium substrate

Abstract

SUMMARY The nucleation and growth of lead dioxide on titanium substrate has been observed using scanning electron microscopy. The size and morphology of the PbO2 nodules have been measured in an attempt to elucidate the nucleation and growth mechanism. The effects of temperature, current density and fluorine ion addition have been qualitatively determined. The structure of a film of PbO2 formed on the titanium has been examined using TEM and found to be heavily strained and to contain lattice defects such as dislocations and stacking faults.

Electrocatalysis of Anodic Oxygen‐Transfer Reactions: Chronoamperometric and Voltammetric Studies of the Nucleation and Electrodeposition of β‐Lead Dioxide at a Rotated Gold Disk Electrode in Acidic Media

“…The induction period (A), with a time period to, corresponds to a relatively small electrode current (i -0). Previous designations of to have been based on the first apparent departure of current from zero (10,(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). That is a rather arbitrary and subjective definition depending on the current sensitivity of the recorder.…”

“…An intense interest in the PbO2-Pb(II) redox couple has existed because of the use of PbO2 in lead-acid batteries (7)(8)(9), as well as for anodes in electrosynthesis (10)(11)(12)(13). Secondary interest in the redox couple has resulted because the deposition of PbO2 is a unique model for testing electrocrystallization theories (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Summaries of the literature are cited (22)(23)(24).…”

Electrodeposition of fluorine-doped lead dioxide

“…In this respect, it is important to note that the literature data on the influence of electrodeposition conditions on the crystallographic nature of the electrodeposited PbO 2 are rather contradictory. Thus, for example, the formation of aPbO 2 was reported to be favored by relatively high deposition current densities [29], while pure b-PbO 2 was deposited at low current densities [30]. According to recent data [31] in case of acidic solutions, the PbO 2 deposits were mainly a mixture of a-and b-phases, where quantity of a-phase was on impurity level (no higher than 16%).…”

Kinetics of Electrocrystallization of PbO[sub 2] on Glassy Carbon Electrodes Partial Inhibition of the Progressive Three-Dimensional Nucleation and Growth

“…Some problems related to the stability of the lead dioxide coating have been reported [16,17]. Improvements of the performance of this anode depend on the structure and properties of the lead dioxide film [18,19]. Fundamental and applied investigations were carried out to explain: (a) effect of the operational variables such as deposition current density [20], presence of additives [21], temperature and agitation [22], in the massive lead dioxide electrodeposition process and (b) the lead dioxide electrocrystallization, using voltammetric and potential step experiments [23][24][25][26], to determine the role played by the nucleation process in the anodic electrodeposition.…”