Electron microscopy of nanoemulsions: An essential tool for characterisation and stability assessment

Microscopic methods in analysis of submicron phospholipid dispersions

“…A review of the literature indicates that microscopic methods are a valuable tool for the evaluation of various drug forms, including the parenteral forms created with the use (20)(21)(22)(23)(24) Att ribute of phospholipids. The simplest method, frequently used for initial testing, is optical light microscopy and its various modifi cations, while electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy are used when more detailed information is required (20)(21)(22).…”

“…The simplest method, frequently used for initial testing, is optical light microscopy and its various modifi cations, while electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy are used when more detailed information is required (20)(21)(22). Each of these methods requires sample preparation in a specifi c way, depending on the degree of complexity, and each involves diff erent capabilities and certain limitations, e.g., the risk of error or artifact formation.…”

“…Such properties can be studied by means of numerous instrumental methods such as photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), laser diff raction (LD), intensity light scatt ering (ILS), electrophoretic light scatt ering (ELS), fi eld-fl ow fractionation, hydrodynamic chromatography, capillary zone electrophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and fi nally microscopic techniques (19,20).…”

Microemulsions - A Brief Introduction

“…Development of these techniques along with the other www.intechopen.com techniques helped the scientists in well understanding of microstructure of microemulsions. Later on, these techniques has been developed/used by other researchers to investigate the microemulsions (Agarwal et al, 2004, Ponsinet & Talmon, 1997, Hellweg et al, 2002, Yan et al, 2005, Mondain-Monval, 2005, Klang et al, 2012 The use of cryo-field emission scanning electron microscopy (cryo-FESEM), in combination with the other techniques, has been reported by Boonme et al for investigation and characterization of microemulsion structures in the pseudoternary phase diagram of isopropyl palmitate/water/Brij 97:1-butanol system (Bonne et al, 2006, Krauel et al, 2007. According to the photomicrographs made using cryo-FESEM technique, in microemulsions with higher than 15% wt/wt water contents the formation of globular structures have been observed (Sai et al, 2006, Lu et al, 2006, Anouti et al, 2012, Krauel et al, 2005, Kapoor et al, 2009, Lutter et al, 2007, Holland & Warrack, 1990.…”

Comparative Study of Injection Systems in Vapor Phase in the Remediation of Soils Contaminated by Diesel

“…The Nano-emulsion is made up of the same components of the micro-emulsion, but differs in the percentages of the components of the micro-emulsion, because it uses a smaller amount of surfactant and co-surfactant, and does not show thermodynamic stability. Their advantages over the use of microemulsions are associated with the need for a reduced amount of active matter and a smaller diameter of particles [31,32]. The methodology used in this study is also different when compared with other studies using soil washing with surfactant-containing systems [20,23,[25][26][27].…”