Electron Diffraction Studies of Hexaphenylbenzene Vapour.

4,4'-Dichlorobiphenyl: crystal packing in para-substituted biphenyls

“…There is no significant difference in molecular orientation relative to the crystal axes in the series, and in all cases the molecules are linear along their long axes to within a few degrees. The dihedral angles ~ between the phenyl rings in these four compounds are all very close to the average gas-phase value of 42 ° (Almenningen & Bastiansen, 1958).…”

Biphenyl-2-methanol

“…Biphenyl and its derivatives have been studied extensively in the past because of the differences found in the inter-ring torsion angle ~p in the solid state (Charbonneau & Delugeard, 1976, 1977Brock, Blackburn & Haller, 1984;Brock & Hailer, 1984a,b;Samdal, 1985;Brock & Minton, 1989) and in the gas phase (Almenningen & Bastiansen, 1958;Bastiansen & Traetteberg, 1962). These systems have also been investigated for those structures which pose difficulties in refinement because of a low observed-data-to-parameter ratio (a result of the crystals being non-centrosymmetric, having large overall displacement parameters and growing as thin needles or plates) (Brock, Blackburn & Hailer, 1984).…”

3-Nitrobiphenyl

“…and the gas phase (Almenningen & Bastiansen, 1958;Bastiansen & Traetteberg, 1962). These systems have also been investigated because of the differences found in the dihedral angle between the phenyl rings (Cailleau & Baudour, 1979;Brock, 1980, and references therein; Sutherland & Rawas, 1983).…”