Electromyographic features of levator palpebrae superioris and orbicularis oculi muscles in blepharospasm

Aramideh, M.; Visser, B.W. Ongerboer de; Devriese, P. P.; Bour, L.J.; Speelman, Johannes D.

doi:10.1093/brain/117.1.27

Cited by 110 publications

(83 citation statements)

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“…However, in a previous study [10], we demonstrated that the values of amplitudes and areas of rectified and averaged R1 and R2 responses, measured during time windows of 10–25 and 32–90 ms, respectively, show no differences between control subjects and patients with blepharospasm or torticollis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Orbicularis oculi and Orbicularis oris Reflexes in Blepharospasm and Torticollis spasmodica during Spasm-Free Intervals

Eekhof

Aramideh²,

Speelman³

et al. 2001

Eur Neurol

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To investigate possible abnormalities of the blink reflex pathways, we analyzed the latencies and amplitudes of the blink reflex responses in the orbicularis oculi (Ooculi) muscle, following supraorbital nerve stimulation, in 19 patients with blepharospasm, 16 patients with torticollis spasmodica and 22 control subjects. Furthermore, in order to examine the suprasegmental control of the responses, the reflex responses were also evoked in the orbicularis oris (Ooris) muscle after stimulation of the ipsilateral supraorbital nerve. The responses were recorded only when subjects had no contractions of the eyelid muscles, either involuntarily, voluntarily or spontaneously; this could be controlled by a sound signal. The metrics of the reflex responses in the Ooculi and Ooris muscles in patient groups were comparable to those in controls. Our data indicate that the afferent and efferent pathways of the reflex arc and the suprasegmental control of the reflex are intact in patients with blepharospasm and torticollis spasmodica, at least during spasm-free intervals. Alterations of responses may occur during spasms due to either segmental or suprasegmental changes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Orbicularis oculi and Orbicularis oris Reflexes in Blepharospasm and Torticollis spasmodica during Spasm-Free Intervals

Eekhof

Aramideh²,

Speelman³

et al. 2001

Eur Neurol

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“…Dystonic eyelid spasms are not tonic OO contractions, rather they are closely spaced bursts of OO activity, such that a new OO contraction begins before the eyelid has time to rise following the preceding burst of OO activity [31, 48, 49]. The primary treatments for these spasms are to reduce OO strength with botulinum toxin injections, [50-53] surgical removal of the OO muscle, [54] or killing muscle fibers with chemical agents [55].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models for Investigating Benign Essential Blepharospasm

Evinger

2013

Current Neuropharmacology

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The focal dystonia benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) affects as many as 40,000 individuals in the United States. This dystonia is characterized by trigeminal hyperexcitability, photophobia, and most disabling of the symptoms, involuntary spasms of lid closure that can produce functional blindness. Like many focal dystonias, BEB appears to develop from the interaction between a predisposing condition and an environmental trigger. The primary treatment for blepharospasm is to weaken the eyelid-closing orbicularis oculi muscle to reduce lid spasms. There are several animal models of blepharospasm that recreate the spasms of lid closure in order to investigate pharmacological treatments to prevent spasms of lid closure. One animal model attempts to mimic the predisposing condition and environmental trigger that give rise to BEB. This model indicates that abnormal interactions among trigeminal blink circuits, basal ganglia, and the cerebellum are the neural basis for BEB.

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“…Lepore and Duvoisin [2] pointed out the clinical criteria for the diagnosis of scAEO, but questioned whether the condition should be categorized as apraxia since most patients were affected by extrapyramidal disorders [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] or, less frequently, cerebrovascular diseases [12][13][14]. Based on clinical and electromyographic (EMG) findings as well as on the results of botulinum toxin (BT) treatment, a vari-ety of other terms have been proposed, including eyelid freezing [15], involuntary levator palpebrae superior (LPS) inhibition [2], blepharokolysis [16], focal eyelid dystonia [9] and pretarsal blepharospasm (BS) [8], but none achieved consensus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In reviewing the literature, we found sporadic reports [3,4,8,9,17,18], mostly consisting of anecdotal descriptions, on isolated scAEO, that is scAEO without extrapyramidal disorders or cerebrovascular diseases. Thus, the origin, nature and clinical features of isolated scAEO are uncertain, as well as the response to BT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isolated So-Called Apraxia of Eyelid Opening: Report of 10 Cases and a Review of the Literature

Defazio¹,

Livrea²,

Lamberti³

et al. 1998

Eur Neurol

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So-called apraxia of eyelid opening (scAEO) has been described chiefly in the context of extrapyramidal disorders. We described 10 new patients with scAEO developing in the absence of any other CNS sign and reviewed the 11 cases with isolated scAEO reported in the literature. Combining our patients and those from the literature, peak age at onset was in the 6th decade and there was a female preponderance of 2:1. The characteristic inability to initiate lid elevation was frequently associated with failure to sustain lid elevation, thus suggesting that eyelid motor control may be abnormal in isolated scAEO. Antecedent events included ocular signs and symptoms consistent with diseases of eyes or face (4 cases in our series and 2 in the literature), chronic treatment with flunarizine (1 case), and family history of dystonia (1 case). Flunarizine discontinuation led to sustained remission of the eyelid disturbance. Overall, these clues suggest the involvement of the extrapyramidal system in the pathophysiology of isolated scAEO. Familial clustering of isolated scAEO in one of our patients may be in favor of a genetic contribution. In our series, botulinum toxin administration close to the pretarsal part of the orbicularis oculi muscle significantly improved scAEO in 8/10 cases, whereas orbital/preseptal injection had no effect. We conclude that the term ‘apraxia’ may not be the correct descriptive term even when the eyelid disturbance occurs without any other CNS disease.

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Electromyographic features of levator palpebrae superioris and orbicularis oculi muscles in blepharospasm

Cited by 110 publications

References 0 publications

Orbicularis oculi and Orbicularis oris Reflexes in Blepharospasm and Torticollis spasmodica during Spasm-Free Intervals

Orbicularis oculi and Orbicularis oris Reflexes in Blepharospasm and Torticollis spasmodica during Spasm-Free Intervals

Animal Models for Investigating Benign Essential Blepharospasm

Isolated So-Called Apraxia of Eyelid Opening: Report of 10 Cases and a Review of the Literature

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