Electromyographic analysis of lower limb muscles during the golf swing performed with three different clubs

Marta, Sérgio; Silva, Luis; Vaz, João R.; Castro, Maria António; Reinaldo, Gustavo Pereira; Pezarat‐Correia, Pedro

doi:10.1080/02640414.2015.1069376

Cited by 16 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…Contrary to the findings of the current study and Marta et al (2013), Marta et al (2015) displayed significant changes in muscle activity in the lower limb muscles when examining the 4-iron, 7-iron and pitching wedge. These contrasting results are likely to be a result of different muscles being examined within the study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…These contrasting results are likely to be a result of different muscles being examined within the study. Specifically, the significant changes observed in the study conducted by Marta et al (2015) could be associated with the hip extensor muscles requiring greater activation levels when the shaft length and CHS increases. Keogh et al (2009) have also shown CHS is significantly correlated with lower-body strength.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Although golf is thought to be a low-impact sport, biomechanical studies show that many body parts move at high velocities and through extreme ranges of motion (ROM) during the golf swing (Cole & Grimshaw, 2008;David Lindsay & Vandervoort, 2014). As a result of these high velocities and complex movement patterns, the golf swing generates high levels of muscle activity in several areas of the body (Farber, Smith, Kvitne, Mohr, & Shin, 2009;Kao, Pink, Jobe, & Perry, 1995;Marta, Silva, Vaz, Castro, & Pezarat-correia, 2015), including the trunk muscles (Cole & Grimshaw, 2008;Horton, Lindsay, & Macintosh, 2001;Marta, Silva, Vaz, Bruno, & Pezarat-correia, 2013;Luís Silva et al, 2013;Watkins, Uppal, Perry, Pink, & Dinsay, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of the aforementioned golf research reports the influence in club type for the purposes of data collection (Farber et al, 2009;Horton et al, 2001;Marta et al, 2013Marta et al, , 2015Sorbie et al, 2016). Marta et al (2015) investigated the effect of different golf clubs on lower limb muscles. These researchers reported statistical differences in muscle activation patterns of the lower limb muscles when performing golf swings with the 4-iron, 7-iron and pitching wedge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electromyographic analyses of the erector spinae muscles during golf swings using four different clubs

Sorbie

Grace

et al. 2017

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The purpose of this study was to compare the electromyography (EMG) patterns of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the erector spinae (ES) muscle during the golf swing whilst using four different golf clubs. Fifteen right-handed male golfers performed a total of twenty swings in random order using the driver, 4-iron, 7-iron and pitching-wedge. Surface EMG was recorded from the lead and trail sides of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the ES muscle (T8, L1 and L5 lateral to the spinous-process). Three-dimensional high-speed video analysis was used to identify the backswing, forward swing, acceleration, early and late follow-through phases of the golf swing. No significant differences in muscle-activation levels from the lead and trail sides of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the ES muscle were displayed between the driver, 4-iron, 7-iron and pitching-wedge (P > 0.05). The highest mean thoracic and lumbar ES muscle-activation levels were displayed in the forward swing (67-99% MVC) and acceleration (83-106% MVC) phases of the swing for all clubs tested. The findings from this study show that there were no significant statistical differences between the driver, 4-iron, 7-iron and pitching-wedge when examining muscle activity from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the ES muscle.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electromyographic analyses of the erector spinae muscles during golf swings using four different clubs

Sorbie

Grace

et al. 2017

Journal of Sports Sciences

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“…To our knowledge, no studies have examined the activities of the PM during the downswing. However, an electromyographic analysis of lower limb muscles during the golf swing have shown that as compared with high-handicap golfers, low-handicap golfers had greater activation of the left rectus femoris (a hip flexor) to produce left hip flexion [26]. In light of the above findings, the left hip flexion rather than the right hip extension would be important for twisting the trunk to the left during the golf swing; thus, the degree of bilateral asymmetry of the PM might have been selected as a significant contributor for achieving faster CHS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Trunk Muscularity and Club Head Speed in Male Golfers

et al. 2020

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This study examined how the volume of trunk muscles and its bilateral asymmetry are related to club head speed in golfers. Fourteen right-handed male golfers performed five driver shots, and the club head speed for each trial was calculated from a three-dimensional reflective marker position of the club head immediately before impact. The volume of each side of the rectus abdominis, erector spinae, psoas major, quadratus lumborum, lateral abdominal wall muscle, and multifidus was determined using magnetic resonance imaging. For each muscle, the ratio of the larger to smaller side in muscle volume was calculated to assess bilateral asymmetry. The club head speed correlated positively with the volume of each side of the rectus abdominis and erector spinae, left quadratus lumborum, and the asymmetric ratio of the psoas major (r=0.595–0.747), but negatively with the asymmetric ratio of the quadratus lumborum (r=−0.641). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the right erector spinae volume and the asymmetric ratio of the psoas major were significant contributors for the club head speed (R2=0.797). These results indicate that the variation in the club head speed can be strongly explained by the absolute volume and bilateral asymmetry of specific trunk muscles.

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Risk Factors for Knee Injury in Golf: A Systematic Review

et al. 2017

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Background Golf is commonly considered a low-impact sport that carries little risk of injury to the knee and is generally allowed following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Kinematic and kinetic studies of the golf swing have reported results relevant to the knee, but consensus as to the loads experienced during a swing and how the biomechanics of an individual's technique may expose the knee to risk of injury is lacking. Objectives Our objective was to establish (1) the prevalence of knee injury resulting from participation in golf and (2) the risk factors for knee injury from a biomechanical perspective, based on an improved understanding of the internal loading conditions and kinematics that occur in the knee from the time of addressing the ball to the end of the follow-through.Methods A systematic literature search was conducted to determine the injury rate, kinematic patterns, loading, and muscle activity of the knee during golf. Results A knee injury prevalence of 3-18% was established among both professional and amateur players, with no clear dependence on skill level or sex; however, older players appear at greater risk of injury. Studies reporting kinematics indicate that the lead knee is exposed to a complex series of motions involving rapid extension and large magnitudes of tibial internal rotation, conditions that may pose risks to the structures of a natural knee or TKA. To date, the loads experienced by the lead knee during a golf swing have been reported inconsistently in the literature. Compressive loads ranging from 100 to 440% bodyweight have been calculated and measured using methods including inverse dynamics analysis and instrumented knee implants. Additionally, the magnitude of loading appears to be independent of the club used. Conclusions This review is the first to highlight the lack of consensus regarding knee loading during the golf swing and the associated risks of injury. Results from the literature suggest the lead knee is subject to a higher magnitude of stress and more demanding motions than the trail knee. Therefore, recommendations regarding return to golf following knee injury or surgical intervention should carefully consider the laterality of the injury.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article

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Electromyographic analysis of lower limb muscles during the golf swing performed with three different clubs

Cited by 16 publications

References 24 publications

Electromyographic analyses of the erector spinae muscles during golf swings using four different clubs

Electromyographic analyses of the erector spinae muscles during golf swings using four different clubs

Relationship between Trunk Muscularity and Club Head Speed in Male Golfers

Risk Factors for Knee Injury in Golf: A Systematic Review

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