Electromagnetic Simulation for the Diagnosis of Lipoprotein Density in Human Blood, a Non-Invasive Approach

Abstract

With the rise in prevalence of Type II diabetes throughout the world, an increasing need for a portable monitoring system for both blood glucose and lipoprotein concentrations is in demand. Recent work has led to non-invasive wearable devices for monitoring changes in blood glucose concentrations using electromagnetic (EM) waves. However, this still fall short as a means of monitoring cholesterol levels in diabetic patients. The EM study on human tissues emphasized here may also relate to the safety guidelines applied to cellular communications, power lines, and other EM applications. The specific absorption rate (SAR) for the power of the non-ionizing frequency must not exceed a threshold as it impacts DNA and can lead to cancerous tissues. In this study, we used COMSOL software for the investigation of the viability of using EM within the frequency range of 64 MHz -1 GHz as a means of monitoring the transmission properties of human blood and lipoprotein. In this approach, wave equations were solved within blood and lipoprotein boundaries. Research parameters, including frequency range, Power input (SAR), and lipoprotein densities, were investigated. The transmission properties, produced by the electrical and thermal characteristics of these physiological parameters, have led to proper diagnosis of lipoprotein density. Within the frequency range of 64 MHz to 1 GHz, and for a power range of 0.1 to 0.6 SAR, lipoprotein density from 1.00 g/mL to 1.20 g/mL was considered. A 2D model, with an antenna source that supplied the electromagnetic waves to human tissues, was created for the simulations. These were used for the study of the transmission properties of the EM energy into the blood and lipoprotein tissues. While the range of magnetic flux values between simulations varies only slightly or not at all, the distribution of these

A real time non-invasive cholesterol monitoring system

“…Lipoprotein which causes atherosclerosis is called atherogenic. Lipoproteins are classified into Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and High density lipoprotein (HDL) [13]. In 2013, The Ministry of Health of Republic Indonesia referred to the National Cholesterol Education Program -Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP III) to determine the standard of reference value for total blood cholesterol [14], as shown in table 1 below.…”

“…In 2013, The Ministry of Health of Republic Indonesia referred to the National Cholesterol Education Program -Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP III) to determine the standard of reference value for total blood cholesterol [14], as shown in table 1 below. LDL volume can be determined if the total cholesterol, HDL and triglyceride values are identified, all of which are measured directly in blood [6,8,13] When radiation interacts with biological tissue, the light is weakened by absorption and scattering, so light attenuation can be described [11]. The description of light propagation in a similar medium as described by the Lambert Beer law is the absorptions of light at specific wavelengths in homogeneous solution which can be determined accurately using the following equation 2:…”