Electromagnetic momentum and momentum flow in dielectric waveguides

Haus, H.A.; Kogelnik, H.

doi:10.1364/josa.66.000320

Cited by 37 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The first model that we present is the Drude-Lorentz model for dielectric media. A similar treatment was previously made by Haus and Kogelnik [33]. In this model, the atomic nuclei are fixed and the electrons are bound by harmonic potentials U i (r i ) = mω 2 i r 2 i /2, where m represents the electron mass, r i the distance of each electron to its equilibrium position and ω i the natural frequency of the harmonic oscillator.…”

Section: Classical Model For a Linear Dielectric Mediummentioning

confidence: 94%

Division of the energy and of the momentum of electromagnetic waves in linear media into electromagnetic and material parts

Saldanha

2011

Optics Communications

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We defend a natural division of the energy density, energy flux and momentum density of electromagnetic waves in linear media in electromagnetic and material parts. In this division, the electromagnetic part of these quantities have the same form as in vacuum when written in terms of the macroscopic electric and magnetic fields, the material momentum is calculated directly from the Lorentz force that acts on the charges of the medium, the material energy is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the charges of the medium and the material energy flux results from the interaction of the electric field with the magnetized medium. We present reasonable models for linear dispersive non-absorptive dielectric and magnetic media that agree with this division. We also argue that the electromagnetic momentum of our division can be associated with the electromagnetic relativistic momentum, inspired on the recent work of Barnett [Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 070401 (2010)] that showed that the Abraham momentum is associated with the kinetic momentum and the Minkowski momentum is associated with the canonical momentum.

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Section: Classical Model For a Linear Dielectric Mediummentioning

confidence: 94%

Division of the energy and of the momentum of electromagnetic waves in linear media into electromagnetic and material parts

Saldanha

2011

Optics Communications

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“…where v ph is the phase velocity and n ph is the phase index [33,34]. Similar expressions are valid for the momentum flow of the transmitted M t and reflected M r surface waves.…”

Section: The Balance Of Elecromagnetic Power and Momentum Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resonant propulsion of a microparticle by a surface wave

Maslov¹,

Astratov

Бакунов³

2013

Phys. Rev. A

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We investigate the electromagnetic force experienced by a microparticle supporting high quality whispering gallery modes that are excited by a surface wave. Our theoretical approach is based on an analytical representation of the solution of the scattering problem with a subsequent numerical treatment. It accounts rigorously for the interaction of the microparticle with the waveguiding surface and allows us to establish the balances of electromagnetic power and momentum flow for the system. We show that the resonant excitation of the whispering gallery modes and suppression of the transmitted surface wave lead to an almost complete transformation of the momentum flow of the initial surface wave into the propelling force on the microparticle. The validation of the momentum balance justifies the definition of the momentum flow of the surface wave is the ratio of carried power and phase velocity. A simple approximate relation between the propelling force and power of the transmitted surface wave is also introduced. The transverse force can be either attractive or repulsive depending on the particle-to-surface distance, particle size, and operating frequencies and can significantly exceed the value of the propelling force. A comparison with a microparticle excited by a plane wave is also included.

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“…(A1) and using the trigonometric relation = 1 + , we have The relation between the group velocity , the phase velocity , and the timeaveraged EM energy per unit length is given by [29][30][31] Proving that the spatial-averaged of the radiation pressure, and therefore the induced optical force, can be expressed by the longitudinal component of the EM energy. On the other hand, the difference between the EM energy components − represents the EM momentum flow in the propagation direction (also given by the zz-component of the Maxwell stress tensor integrated over the waveguide cross section) [30] . Thus, the point of maximum on the radiation pressure ( ) represents a minimum for the momentum flow ( − ) for a given waveguide area .…”

Section: Supplementary Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…. In that case, it is possible to show that the difference between and relies on the fraction of energy in each component, more precisely = − ⁄ [29][30][31] . In addition, the group index is related to the total EM energy by = ⁄ ; By inserting these results in Eq.…”

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confidence: 99%

Tailoring optical forces in waveguides through radiation pressure and electrostrictive forces

Rakich¹,

Davids²,

Wang³

2010

Opt. Express

157

132

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Radiation pressure is known to scale to large values in engineered micro and nanoscale photonic waveguide systems. In addition to radiation pressure, dielectric materials also exhibit strain-dependent refractive index changes, through which optical fields can induce electrostrictive forces. To date, little attention has been paid to the electrostrictive component of optical forces in high-index contrast waveguides. In this paper, we examine the magnitude, scaling, and spatial distribution of electrostrictive forces through analytical and numerical models, revealing that electrostrictive forces increase to large values in high index-contrast waveguides. Similar to radiation pressure, electrostrictive forces increase quadratically with the optical field. However, since electrostrictive forces are determined by the material photoelastic tensor , the sign of the electrostrictive force is highly material-dependent, resulting in cancellation with radiation pressure in some instances. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that the optical forces resulting from both radiation pressure and electrostriction can scale to remarkably high levels (i.e., greater than 10(4)(N/m(2))) for realistic guided powers. Additionally, even in simple rectangular waveguides, the magnitude and distribution of both forces can be engineered at the various boundaries of the waveguide system by choice of material system and geometry of the waveguide. This tailorability points towards novel and simple waveguide designs which enable selective excitation of elastic waves with desired symmetries through engineered stimulated Brillouin scattering processes in nanoscale waveguide systems.

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Electromagnetic momentum and momentum flow in dielectric waveguides

Cited by 37 publications

References 15 publications

Division of the energy and of the momentum of electromagnetic waves in linear media into electromagnetic and material parts

Division of the energy and of the momentum of electromagnetic waves in linear media into electromagnetic and material parts

Resonant propulsion of a microparticle by a surface wave

Tailoring optical forces in waveguides through radiation pressure and electrostrictive forces

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