Electromagnetic interference of endodontic equipments with cardiovascular implantable electronic device

Influence and safety of electronic apex locators in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices: a systematic review

“…A total of 445 studies were excluded, and the full-text of 15 studies were assessed for eligibility. Among these 15 articles, seven fulfilled the inclusion criteria: five in vitro [1,3,10,15,20]; and two in vivo [21,22] studies. Figure 1 summarizes the details and results of the search strategy.…”

“…Four in vitro studies [1,3,15,20] reported that electronic apex locators do not interfere with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices and can be used safely. One in vitro study [10], however, reported that electronic apex locators caused electromagnetic interference without altering cardiovascular implantable electronic devices function and suggested that electronic devices should be kept to use at minimum distances. One in vivo study [21] reported that electronic apex locators did not interfere with the functioning of cardiac devices.…”

“…One in vitro study by Dadalti et al [10] reported that electronic apex locators caused electromagnetic interference without altering cardiovascular implantable electronic devices function. The authors used four electronic apex locators from different manufacturers with two pacemakers and one defibrillator.…”

“…Electromagnetic waves released from electronic devices can disrupt the operation of these devices―an effect known as electromagnetic interference [10]. Accurate determination of working length is clinically very important when performing root canal treatment [11].…”

Management of cardiac implantable electronic devices during interventional pulmonology procedures

“…All except the CO 2 and ruby lasers were found to generate electromagnetic field strengths below the permissible limits for CIEDs (17). A similar Brazilian in vitro study in 2015 assessed the EMI between the CIEDs and the endodontic laser devices and reported no interference caused by the endodontic TwinFlex laser (wavelength range 660-808 nm) device (18). Another study evaluating the in vitro EMI between the CIEDs and ophthalmic laser systems (wavelength range 193-1,064 nm) concluded that the CIEDs were not affected by the EMI generated by the ophthalmic laser systems (19).…”