Electromagnetic Cave-To-Surface Mapping System

Sogade, John; Vichabian, Yervant; Vandiver, Amy; Reppert, Philip M.; Morgan, Frank Dale

doi:10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.202.1999_035

Cited by 5 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Most rocks are non-magnetic, and magnetic mineral are surprisingly few [24]. Conductivity of the materials gives rise to eddy currents that produce an out-of-phase secondary field [13]. This secondary field superimposes with the primary field, thus distorting the dipole field shape.…”

Section: Underground Transmission Mediummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the influence of electric permittivity on skin depth remains very low compared to the impact of conductivity. Electrical conductivity σ gives rise to energy dissipation in the material due to eddy currents that produce an out-of-phase secondary field [13]. This field adds to the primary field, thus distorting its shape.…”

Section: B Electric Permittivity and Electrical Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Igneous rock tend to have the lowest conductivity, whereas sedimentary rocks have the highest [24], but conductivity varies with the age of the rock, location and local conditions [15]. However, the conductivity of most underground materials is sufficiently low, such that eddy currents can be ignored at very low frequencies [12], [13]. By contrast, high frequency radio waves experience extreme attenuation through the conductive ground, as well as distortion due to reflections.…”

Section: B Electric Permittivity and Electrical Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [12], it was shown that accurate localization can be achieved even beyond one skin depth, by exploiting the geometric properties of the magnetic fields, and assuming horizontal underground layers. More sophisticated models for conductive media have also been proposed in the literature, such as homogeneous earth model [12], [13], stratified earth model [21], and image theory model [52] in highly distorted environments. The comprehensive collection of skin depth values for the most common rocks and minerals provided in this paper is beneficial in the design of MI communications and localization systems that operate under the ground, as well as to predict the reliability of such system given its operation parameters.…”

Section: MI Localization Design Guidelinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Not only is attenuation important, but also preserving the shape of the generated magnetic field. Often, MI localization relies on the entire vector field (not just its magnitude), either by exploiting its dipole shape [8], [9], or other geometrical properties such as null-field [12], [13], [19]. Therefore, in order to achieve good positioning accuracy, one must either operate in the quasi-static region, whose limit is dictated by the medium characteristics, or ensure that the distortions do not affect the desired geometrical properties of the field beyond the quasi-static limit [12], [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Rocks and Minerals on Underground Magneto-Inductive Communication and Localization

et al. 2016

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In this paper, we analyze the effect of different underground materials on very-low and low frequency magnetic fields used in the contexts of magneto-inductive localization and communication applications, respectively. We calculate the attenuation that these magnetic fields are subject to while passing through most common rocks and minerals. Knowing the attenuation properties is crucial in the design of underground magnetoinductive communication systems. In addition, we provide means to predict the distortions in the magnetic field that impair localization systems. The proposed work offers basic design guidelines for communication and localization systems in terms of channel path-loss, operation frequencies and bandwidth. For the sake of the reproducibility of the results, we provide the raw data and processing source code to be used by the two research communities.

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Section: Underground Transmission Mediummentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Electric Permittivity and Electrical Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Electric Permittivity and Electrical Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: MI Localization Design Guidelinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Rocks and Minerals on Underground Magneto-Inductive Communication and Localization

et al. 2016

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A new radiolocation method for precise depth estimation and its application to the analysis of changes in groundwater levels in Colonia Clunia Sulpicia

Ayuso

Cuesta²,

Iglesia

et al. 2022

Archaeological Prospection

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Underground mapping is of paramount importance at archaeological sites with natural or man-made caves. Techniques of different complexity are available for underground surveying, from compass and tape to light detection and ranging (LiDAR).However, there are scenarios where it is impossible to use heavy and/or delicate instrumentation, or with some of the more advanced techniques, long-distance and time-consuming fieldwork would be required. This is the case of the study of the height of water at key points inside the aquifer located in the subsoil of the Roman city of Colonia Clunia Sulpicia to assess its relation with the evolution of the city.Although subsurface radiolocation, a technique originally intended for cave mapping, seems promising for this application, its accuracy in depth estimation is not sufficient for this purpose. Therefore, the main objectives of this work are to improve the accuracy of depth estimation using radiolocation, to obtain sound data to study changes in water supply in the early centuries of the city and to hypothesize possible causes and probable consequences. Then, this work analyses the sources of error affecting the radiolocation process and develops a new method experimentally validated to improve the depth estimation accuracy. As a result, the depth of key points at Clunia has been accurately measured by radiolocation, where LiDAR or direct measurements from the water level are not possible. Finally, based on the resultant data, a chronology of the city in relation to the aquifer, and vice versa, is outlined. The new radiolocation and calculation procedure proposed in this paper is an improved subsurface location technique that can lead to a significant innovation in archaeological prospection.

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