Electrografting: a powerful method for surface modification

Abstract

Electrografting refers to the electrochemical reaction that permits organic layers to be attached to solid conducting substrates. This definition can be extended to reactions involving an electron transfer between the substrate to be modified and the reagent, but also to examples where a reducing or oxidizing reagent is added to produce the reactive species. These methods are interesting as they provide a real bond between the surface and the organic layer. Electrografting applies to a variety of substrates including carbon, metals and their oxides, but also dielectrics such as polymers. Since the 1980s several methods have been developed, either by reduction or oxidation, and some of them have reached an industrial stage. This critical review describes the methods that are used for electrografting, their mechanism, the formation and growth of the layers as well as their applications (742 references).

3-D Non-UV Digital Printing of Hydrogel Microstructures by Optically Controlled Digital Electropolymerization

“…According to the pre-mentioned polymerization process, it is definite that the generation of hydrogen radicals bears an key role in "printing" hydrogel structures [17], [32]. Ignoring the effect of mass transfer, the hydrogen ions reduction process is mainly dominated by the electrode potential, which is decided by the amplitude and frequency of the applied alternating voltage.…”

A Chemically-Bound Glutathione Sensor Bioinspired by the Defense of Organisms against Heavy Metal Contamination: Optimization of the Immobilization Conditions

“…This solution was mixed in an ice bath for 30 min before the electrochemical grafting process [20] was conducted. For this purpose, the SPCNFE was immersed in the diazonium salt solution and 15 cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles were applied from 0 V to −1 V at 0.2 V·s −1 .…”

Crown ether-modified electrodes for the simultaneous stripping voltammetric determination of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II)

“…These solutions were mixed for about 30 min in an ice bath, prior to the electrochemical grafting process [21] conducted by scanning the potential at 0.2 V s -1 from 0 V to -1 V for 100 cycles. The functionalized electrodes were thoroughly rinsed with Milli-Q water and methanol to remove any physisorbed compounds.…”