Electroencephalographic spectrum power of sheep's brain after stunning

Sánchez-Barrera, Iván C.; Albarracín, William; Rojas, Manuel J.

doi:10.1080/09712119.2013.822805

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This increase in power was particularly evident in the theta and delta frequency bands. Sànchez-Barrera et al ( 2014 ) reported a significant decrease in percentage power in delta, increase in theta, and alpha in sheep undergoing head-only electrical stunning, which differs from our data in which there was little change in percentage power represented in each of the theta, delta, beta and alpha bands, but an increase in percentage power represented in extremely low frequencies. In the Sànchez-Barrera et al study the baseline EEG appeared to be dominated by delta frequency activity whereas, in the current study, extremely low frequencies dominated the EEG, followed by alpha activity.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a commercial electrical stunning method for farmed grower saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) using non-invasive EEG measurements

Small

Niemeyer

Hewitt³

2023

Anim. welf.

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The aim of this study was to assess welfare outcomes of electrical stunning as a means of restraint in farmed grower saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus). Physical handling of a stunned, unconscious crocodile is far safer for the operator than handling a fully conscious animal. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded before and after the application of electrical stunning at 50 Hz or 400 Hz using an electrical stunner applied to the cranial plate (Position 1: P1–50 Hz; n = 31, P1–400 Hz; n = 29) or immediately behind the skull (Position 2: P2–50 Hz; n = 29; P2–400 Hz; n = 30). For all electrical stuns, percentage total EEG power in a 10-s epoch decreased in the alpha and beta frequency bands; and increased in the delta and lower frequencies bands. All electrical stuns resulted in increased strength of signal, based on the quadratic mean EEG power in all frequency bands of the EEG. Greatest change in power occurred in the delta frequency band, with P1–50 Hz. This was greater than with P2–50 Hz; while decibel change using 400 Hz at either position was intermediate and not significantly different from either. Application of either electrical stunner at position 1 resulted in seizure-like activity and activation in low frequencies, but at position 2 this was not consistent across all animals. The ability of the electrical stunning equipment to consistently induce recoverable unconsciousness could be ranked in decreasing order as: P1–50 Hz > P1–400 Hz = P2–50 Hz > P2–400 Hz. Based on behavioural observations, all animals in the study appeared to stunned however evaluation of duration of EEG changes indicates that use of the electrical stunning equipment at 50 Hz would allow some margin for inaccuracies in tong placement, while achieving a consistently reliable stun.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a commercial electrical stunning method for farmed grower saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) using non-invasive EEG measurements

Small

Niemeyer

Hewitt³

2023

Anim. welf.

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“…The authors noted the epileptiform EEG (a sign of the absence of pain perception), with increasing theta and gamma band power with decreasing delta power after electrical stunning. The percussion stunning resulted in a slightly decreased frequency power of EEG and did not confirm the absence of pain perception in the study [ 133 ].…”

Section: Eeg Application In Preslaughter Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sanchez-Barrera et al [ 133 ] noted the significant change in the brain’s electric activity of sheep in Colombia during stunning by percussion or electrical stunning. The authors noted the epileptiform EEG (a sign of the absence of pain perception), with increasing theta and gamma band power with decreasing delta power after electrical stunning.…”

Section: Eeg Application In Preslaughter Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Electroencephalography in Preslaughter Management: A Review

Kumar

Abubakar

Sazili

et al. 2022

Animals

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Electroencephalography (EEG) can be reliable for assessing the brain’s electrical activity of preslaughter stress and pain. The duration between the ventral neck cut and induction of a state of unconsciousness/insensibility is crucial in the slaughtering of animals, reducing pain, fear, and distress. Various EEG variables, such as median frequency (F50), the total power of EEG spectrum (Ptot), waves patterns (amplitude and frequencies), epileptiform EEG, index of consciousness, and isoelectric EEG, are used to identify a valid indicator of the state of unconsciousness. Association among various behavioral, physiological, and hematological parameters with EEG variables could provide an overall assessment and deep insights into the animal stress levels or welfare status during various managemental and preslaughter operations, such as transport, stunning, and slaughtering operations. The application of EEG could help in further refining the stunning technologies and slaughter protocols in livestock, poultry, and fish. The present review analyzed the application of EEG as a neurophysiological tool for assessing animal welfare during the critical state of preslaughter handling and slaughter, thus ensuring proper compliance with animal welfare principles.

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“…Sanchez‐Barrera et al. ( 2014 ) demonstrated using power spectral analysis of the EEG that head‐only electrical stunning of 10‐week‐old lambs ( n = 30) with 0.9A delivered using 250V for 6s produced epileptic activity in the brain.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Welfare of sheep and goats during killing for purposes other than slaughter

Nielsen,

Alvarez,

Bicout

et al. 2024

EFS2

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Sheep and goats of different ages may have to be killed on‐farm for purposes other than slaughter (where slaughter is defined as killing for human consumption) either individually (i.e. on‐farm killing of unproductive, injured or terminally ill animals) or on a large scale (i.e. depopulation for disease control purposes and for other situations, such as environmental contamination and disaster management) outside the slaughterhouses. The purpose of this opinion was to assess the hazards and welfare consequences associated with the on‐farm killing of sheep and goats. The whole killing procedure was divided into Phase 1 (pre‐killing) – that included the processes (i) handling and moving the animals to the killing place and (ii) restraint of the animals before application of the killing methods and Phase 2 – that included stunning and killing of the animals. The killing methods for sheep and goats were grouped into three categories: (1) mechanical, (2) electrical and (3) lethal injection. Welfare consequences that sheep and goats may experience during each process were identified (e.g. handling stress, restriction of movements and tissue lesions during restraint) and animal‐based measures (ABMs) to assess them were proposed. During application of the killing method, sheep and goats will experience pain and fear if they are ineffectively stunned or if they recover consciousness. ABMs related to the state of consciousness can be used to indirectly assess pain and fear. Flowcharts including ABMs for consciousness specific to each killing method were included in the opinion. Possible welfare hazards were identified for each process, together with their origin and related preventive and corrective measures. Outcome tables linking hazards, welfare consequences, ABMs, origins, preventive and corrective measures were developed for each process. Mitigation measures to minimise welfare consequences were proposed.

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Electroencephalographic spectrum power of sheep's brain after stunning

Cited by 12 publications

References 33 publications

Evaluation of a commercial electrical stunning method for farmed grower saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) using non-invasive EEG measurements

Evaluation of a commercial electrical stunning method for farmed grower saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) using non-invasive EEG measurements

Application of Electroencephalography in Preslaughter Management: A Review

Welfare of sheep and goats during killing for purposes other than slaughter

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