Electroencephalographic responses of tramadol, parecoxib and morphine to acute noxious electrical stimulation in anaesthetised dogs

Kongara, Kavitha; Chambers, J.P.; Johnson, Craig B.

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.05.012

Cited by 32 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…Significant increases in F50 and F95 were found during the first 10 s after decapitation. These are consistent with responses to noxious stimulation found in other studies 15,19,21,22 and can be interpreted as such. A significant and a gradual decrease in the Ptot was observed in the current study and was similar to the reductions in the power component of specific EEG frequency bands (1-100 Hz and 13-100 Hz) after decapitation of both conscious and anaesthetized rats reported in a recent study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Similar changes in the EEG power spectrum in response to noxious stimulation have been demonstrated previously in a number of animal studies using the minimal halothane anaesthesia model. 14,15,[18][19][20] F50 and F95 of the EEG power spectrum increased significantly following decapitation of rats in the current study, but both these indices are independent of the total power of the EEG trace and so should be interpreted with caution in situations where Ptot is markedly reduced. In the present study, EEG remained active for a mean duration of 9.7 s, followed by a period of transitional EEG that proceeded to an isoelectric pattern by 15 s after decapitation.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

“…3,11 Recently, a series of experiments using a minimal anaesthesia model have documented EEG changes in different species of animals in response to a variety of noxious stimuli, including slaughter of calves by ventral neck incision. [12][13][14][15] These studies have demonstrated that the EEG can provide a reliable response to noxious stimuli under minimal anaesthesia. These EEG responses are thought to be the result of subconscious processing of pain stimuli by the cerebral cortex.…”

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confidence: 96%

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Electroencephalographic evaluation of decapitation of the anaesthetized rat

et al. 2013

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) power spectrum in response to decapitation of anaesthetized rats, in order to assess the nociception or otherwise of this procedure. Ten young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were anaesthetized with halothane in oxygen and anaesthesia was maintained at a stable concentration of halothane between 1.20% and 1.25%. The rat's head and neck were placed through the opening of a small animal guillotine so that the blade of the guillotine was positioned over the atlanto-occipial joint of the rat's neck. The EEG was recorded in a five-electrode montage, bilaterally. After recording a 15 min baseline the rat was decapitated by swiftly pressing the guillotine blade and the EEG recording was continued until the signal was isoelectric on both channels. Changes in the median frequency (F50), 95% spectral edge frequency (F95) and total power of the EEG (Ptot) were used to investigate the effects of decapitation. During the first 15 s following decapitation, there were significant increases in the F50 and F95, and a decrease in the Ptot compared with baseline values. There was a clear window of time immediately following decapitation where changes in the EEG frequency spectrum were obvious; these changes in the EEG indices of nociception could be attributed as responses generated by the rat's cerebral cortex following decapitation.Keywords rat, electroencephalogram, euthanasia, welfare, nociception Several different methods of euthanasia have been proposed for use in laboratory animals in biomedical research (e.g. injectable anaesthesia, decapitation, cervical dislocation, CO 2 asphyxiation, etc.). 1Decapitation has the advantage that it has no effect on subsequent analytical procedures.2 This is not the case with chemical methods such as a drug overdose. Despite its common use, the humaneness of decapitation of conscious animals is debatable.2-5 The question of whether brain activity continues after decapitation and, if so, for how long, has been considered essential for determining the acceptability of this procedure. These questions have been addressed in a number of studies involving different animal species including rats.2,6-10 Studies utilizing electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings have been used to map the brain following decapitation. Conversion from high voltage slow activity to low voltage fast activity (LVFA) and desynchronization, a shift in EEG activity toward high frequency, have been reported as typical EEG responses following the decapitation of conscious animals. These changes in EEG activity persist between 8 and 29 s in all species after decapitation 5 and, are followed by the onset of isoelectric EEG.Interpretation of these post-decapitation EEG changes in terms of conscious arousal and potential pain perception, and as a response to noxious stimulation, has not been simple. Other studies have demonstrated that LVFA pattern EEG activity can be seen during rapid eye movement sleep/anaesthesia and also during an...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

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Electroencephalographic evaluation of decapitation of the anaesthetized rat

et al. 2013

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“…Estudo realizado em cães demonstrou resultados analgésicos semelhantes, com a administração intravenosa (IV) de 2mg kg -1 de tramadol e de 0,2mg kg 1 de morfina para o tratamento da dor aguda pós-cirúrgica (MASTROCINQUE & FANTONI, 2003). Resultados divergentes foram relatados por KONGARA et al (2010), que observaram efeitos antinociceptivos inferiores com a administração (IV) de 3mg kg -1 de tramadol em relação a 0,5mg kg -1 de morfina. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratório, analgésico e sedativo de diferentes doses de tramadol administrado por via intravenosa em cadelas, submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia (OSH).…”

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Diferentes doses de tramadol em cães: ações analgésicas, sedativas e sobre o sistema cardiorrespiratório

et al. 2011

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“…The electroencephalographic (EEG) changes by tramadol have been investigated in dogs and humans [17,18], but only in the anaesthetized state. As far as we know, there has been no report about the effects of different doses of tramadol on EEG, although tramadol has proconvulsive effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Tramadol on Electroencephalographic Spectral Parameters and Analgesia in Rats

Jang

Lee

2010

Korean J Physiol Pharmacol

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ABBREVIATIONS: EEG, electroencephalogram; TFL, tail-flick latency; NSS, numerical seizure score; %MPE, a percentage of maximal possible effect; MPF, median power frequency; SEF95, spectral edge frequency 95; SWD, spike-wave discharge.Received May 31, 2010, Revised June 10, 2010, Accepted June 20, 2010 Corresponding to: Maan-Gee Lee, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 2-101, Dongindong, The effects of different doses of tramadol on analgesia and electroencephalographic (EEG) spectral parameters were compared in rats. Saline or tramadol 5, 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg was administered. The degree of analgesia was evaluated by tail-flick latency, and the degree of seizure was measured using numerical seizure score (NSS). Additionally, band powers, median power frequency and spectral edge frequency 95 were measured to quantify the EEG response. All doses of tramadol produced spike-wave discharge. Tramadol significantly and dose-dependently increased the analgesia, but these effects did not correspond with the changes in the EEG spectral parameters. NSS significantly increased in the Tramadol 20 and 40 mg/kg treatment groups compared to the Control and TRA5 groups, and two rats given 40 mg/kg had convulsions. In conclusion, tramadol dose-dependently increased the analgesic effect, and the 10 mg/kg dose appears to be a reliable clinical dose for analgesia in rats, but dose-dependent increases in analgesia and seizure severity did not correlate with EEG spectral parameters.

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Electroencephalographic responses of tramadol, parecoxib and morphine to acute noxious electrical stimulation in anaesthetised dogs

Cited by 32 publications

References 35 publications

Electroencephalographic evaluation of decapitation of the anaesthetized rat

Electroencephalographic evaluation of decapitation of the anaesthetized rat

Diferentes doses de tramadol em cães: ações analgésicas, sedativas e sobre o sistema cardiorrespiratório

The Effects of Tramadol on Electroencephalographic Spectral Parameters and Analgesia in Rats

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