Electrodeposition of Tin from Tartrate Solutions

Abstract

The electrodeposition of tin in presence of tartrate ions has been analysed by electrochemical techniques, mainly chronoamperometry, and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained values of nucleus density with both techniques have been compared and discussed. The electrodeposition process follows an instantaneous nucleation with 3D growth under diffusion control at the initial times of the process, but a second nucleation process occurs at higher times. The influence of tartrate and of agitation conditions is also inferred from the crystal morphology.

Effect of anions on the electrodeposition of tin from acidic gluconate baths

“…These seem to be reasonable when compared with the data presented in the literature [23] for the metallic ions in aqueous solutions at the room temperature. Diffusion coefficients determined in this study are comparable to that obtained for tin ions in sulfate [8], sulfate-gluconate [6], sulfate-tartrate [10], and chloride-citrate [12] solutions. However, it should be noted that speciation of the baths is rather complicated (Fig.…”

“…Nucleation models were derived from both chronoamperometric current transients and microscopic (AFM or scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) observations. In the main, tin electrocrystallization in acidic sulfate [7] or tartrate solutions [10] is in agreement with theoretical instantaneous nucleation model followed by three-dimensional (3D) diffusion growth mechanism, but it can change to progressive 3D growth in some conditions [8]. The latter model was also observed in a chloride-citrate system [12] and a hydrophobic room-temperature ionic liquid [13].…”

“…Therefore, it was accepted that obtained values (calculated for total Sn 2+ concentrations) are rather effective diffusion coefficients, i.e., average diffusion coefficients of various tin species with consideration for their molar parts in the solutions [6]. Theory of the potentiostatic current transients for 3D multiple nucleation of tin with diffusion controlled growth was discussed by various authors [7,8,10,11]. brass substrate…”

“…CuZn (111) CuZn (200) CuZn (220) CuZn (311) Sn (200) Sn (101) Sn (220) Sn (211) Sn (301) Sn (112) Sn (400) Sn (321) Sn (420) Sn (411) Sn ( Mathematical model for instantaneous and progressive nucleation developed by Sharifker and Hills [28] has been often used to analyze the current transients of metals deposition [10,29]. A classification of the nucleation type is possible by comparison of the experimental results with theoretical curves plotted in a dimensionless form.…”

“…Early stages of tin electrodeposition on various substrates using electrolytes of different compositions were also presented in the literature [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Nucleation models were derived from both chronoamperometric current transients and microscopic (AFM or scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) observations.…”