Electrodeposition of NiP alloys from Ni-citrate bath

Effect of NaCl concentration in electrodeposited Co–P alloy thin films

“…It can be seen that the current efficiencies gradually decreases and the phosphorous content increases from 6.5% to 20% while increasing NaCl concentration from 0.1 to 1.0 M, this may be due to hydrogen evolution reaction. This is in agreement with the result increasing the P content in the alloys, the high value of P content results the low value of current efficiency [21,22]. Hence, we observe that these electrochemical behaviour of the films which is one of the key factor affecting the mechanism of formation of Co-P alloy electrodeposits.…”

The effect of the hypophosphite ion oxidation on the Ni surface electrode—an XPS study

“…According to the literature, two different mechanisms are proposed: the direct and the indirect mechanism. The former supports that phosphorous acid, or phosphite (depending on the pH), is electrochemically reduced to elemental phosphorus, which would react with Ni giving rise to Ni-P alloy [25]:…”

“…The formation of phosphorus bound to nickel is the most plausible hypothesis to be considered. Literature data on the characterization of Ni-P alloys by XPS reveal the formation of a reduced form of phosphorus which is bound to nickel [17,20,[24][25][26][27], however such analysis concerns exclusively the P 2p region. According to literature data, the binding energy of alloyed phosphorus lies within 129.0-129.7 eV in the P 2p region, depending on the phosphorus content and sample preparation method.…”

Wettability of electroplated Ni-P in under bump metallurgy with Sn-Ag-Cu solder

“…In addition, as the H + ions increased, i.e., the pH value of solution decreased, and the current efficiency of EP Ni-P also decreased. 16 An explanation for this finding is that the greater the amount of H + ions that exist in the bath, the greater the amount of hydrogen evolution formed at the cathode. This demonstrates that the hydrogen ions act as a barrier at the cathode that PO 3 30, 20, and 15* pH 1.8, 20, and 2.5** *30 g/L, 20 g/L, and 15 g/L of H 3 PO 3 were for high, medium, and low phosphorous contents of Ni-P, respectively.…”