Electrodeposition of lead zirconate titanate nanotubes

Nourmohammadi, A.; Bahrevar, M.A.; Schulze, Steffen; Hietschold, Michael

doi:10.1007/s10853-008-2665-3

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…One main driver has been the growing awareness of the environmental impact and health concerns due to the toxicity of lead [1][2][3][4][5][6] which has led to existing environmental legislations and restrictions both in the EU and across the globe under the auspices of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directives which concern the reduction of the use of hazardous substances in electrical equipment and the management of the ensuing waste. 3,7,8 In addition, there is keen interest in developing control actuation in aero-engines to enhance fuel efficiency) 7, 9, 10 as well as a general demand for piezoelectrics to function at higher performance levels in a number of emerging market sectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated hybrid life cycle assessment and supply chain environmental profile evaluations of lead-based (lead zirconate titanate) versus lead-free (potassium sodium niobate) piezoelectric ceramics

Ibn‐Mohammed

Koh

Reaney

et al. 2016

Energy Environ. Sci.

120

144

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The increasing awareness of the environmental and health threats of lead as well as environmental legislation, both in the EU and around the world targeted at decreasing the use of hazardous substances in electrical appliances and products has reinvigorated the race to develop lead-free alternatives to lead zirconate titanate (PZT), which presently dominates the market for piezoelectric materials. Emphasis has been placed on one of the most likely piezoelectric materials, potassium sodium niobate (KNN), as a lead-free replacement for PZT. KNN has been speculated to have better environmental credentials and is considered as a "greener" replacement to PZT. However, a comparative environmental impact assessment of the life cycle phases of KNN versus PZT piezoelectric materials has not been carried out. Such a life cycle assessment is crucial before any valid claims of "greenness" or environmental viability of one material over the other can be made and is the focus of this paper. Against this backdrop, a methodologically robust life cycle supply chain assessment based on integrated hybrid life cycle framework is undertaken within the context of the two piezoelectric materials. Results show that the presence of niobium in KNN constitutes far greater impact across all the 16 categories considered in comparison with PZT. The increased environmental impact of KNN occurs in the early stages of the LCA due to raw material extraction and processing. As a result, the environmental damage has already occurred before its use in piezoelectric applications during which it doesn't constitute any threat. As such, the use of the term "environmentally friendly" for the description of KNN should be avoided. Cost-benefit analysis of substituting PZT with KNN also indicates that the initial cost of conversion to KNN is greater, especially for energy usage during production. This environmental assessment has allowed us to define and address environmental health and safety as well as sustainability issues that are essential for future development of these materials. Overall, this work demonstrates insightful findings that can be garnered through the application of life cycle assessment and supply chain management to a strategic engineering question which allows industries and policy makers to make informed decisions regarding the environmental consequences of substitute materials, designs, fabrication processes and usage. IntroductionIn recent times, there has been a drive to develop new piezoelectric materials for a wide range of applications with properties comparable with lead zirconate titanate (Pb (Zr, Ti) O 3 , PZT). One main driver has been the growing awareness of the environmental impact and health concerns due to the toxicity of lead [1][2][3][4][5][6] which has led to existing environmental legislations and restrictions both in the EU and across the globe under the auspices of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directives which concern the reduction of the...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated hybrid life cycle assessment and supply chain environmental profile evaluations of lead-based (lead zirconate titanate) versus lead-free (potassium sodium niobate) piezoelectric ceramics

Ibn‐Mohammed

Koh

Reaney

et al. 2016

Energy Environ. Sci.

120

144

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“…The substantial progress in synthesis of various ferroelectrics nanosystems, like epitaxial films [4], nanoparticles with controllable sizes [5], arrays of tubes and rods [6][7][8][9], the local characterization of their polar properties [10][11][12] and domain structure [13], triggered the renovation of interest to ferroic nanosystems theoretical description. It is worth to note the enormous achievements of both the phenomenological [14] and microscopic [15] theories, their recent advances in different fields like the description of nanorods [16,17], size effects in thin films [18,19], ferroelectric nanoparticles [20][21][22]; flexoelectric effect influence on the intrinsic properties [23,24] and response [25][26][27] of the nanosystems; the developed analytical model accounting for depolarization field as well as the formation of misfit dislocations [28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

General approach for the description of size effects in ferroelectric nanosystems

Eliseev

Morozovska

2009

J Mater Sci

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We propose general analytical approach for the description of size effect influence on polarization and dielectric susceptibility in ferroelectric nanosystems based on the two-parametric direct variational method and Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire phenomenology. The essence of the approach is to solve Euler-Largange boundary problem for polarization distribution exactly in paraelectric phase without ferroelectric nonlinearity and then to use the linearized solution for derivation of the approximate analytical expression for spontaneous polarization distribution in ferroelectric phase with the average polarization and characteristic spatial scale as variational parameters. Corresponding polarization distributions calculated within the approach in thin ferroelectric films, nanowires and nanotubes were compared with the available exact solution of Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire equation or approximate results obtained earlier from the one parametric solution. Perfect agreement between the exact solution and obtained approximate ones is demonstrated. The realization of the proposed scheme of the two-parametric direct variational method seems even simpler than the one-parametric scheme based on the Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire free energy expansion with renormalized coefficients, while the validity range of two-parametric solution is much wider and the accuracy is higher. So, obtained analytical results have methodological importance for calculation of the phase diagram size effects, polarization distribution, all related polar, dielectric, piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties of single-domain ferroelectric nanoparticles and thin films. The proposed method is applicable to different ferroic nanosystems.

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“…A similar procedure was used to determine the effect of the different voltages on the average wall thickness. Some of the tubes are blocked by PZT residues, marked "R", which were left on the surface while wiping away the excess sol mechanically [9]. It must be pointed out that at higher voltages (>4 V) the current fluctuation increased and instability set in.…”

Section: Electrophoretic Deposition (Epd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different techniques have been employed to fabricate nanotubes and nanorods of which the template-based sol electrophoretic deposition has proved its efficiency in producing tailored arrays of both metallic and oxide nanotubes, nanowires, and nanorods [4][5][6][7][8][9]. In the template-based synthesis, the desired material is grown within the pores of a porous membrane such as track-etched polycarbonate, porous silicon or anodic alumina (AA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%