Electrochemiluminescence of graphitic carbon nitride and its application in ultrasensitive detection of lead(II) ions

Abstract

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) materials with a layered structure have unusual physicochemical properties. Herein it was shown that g-C3N4 quantum dots (QDs) obtained through a thermal-chemical etching route exhibited attractive upconversion and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) properties. After modification on nanoporous gold (NPG) with a sponge-like porous structure, g-C3N4 QDs were employed to fabricate an ECL sensor for the determination of Pb(2+) using target - dependent DNAzyme as the recognition unit. Moreover, magnetic reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGO) attached with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (rGO-Fe3O4) were obtained via a one-pot in situ reduction approach, and used as carriers of DNAzyme. To make full use of the unique magnetic property the prepared rGO-Fe3O4, a flow injection ECL detecting cell was designed using indium tin oxide (ITO) glass as working electrode. Due to the unique separation and enrichment properties of magnetic Fe3O4-rGO materials as well as wire-like conductivity of NPG, high sensitivity and selectivity for the determination of Pb(2+) in real water samples were achieved. This indicates that g-C3N4 has excellent anodic ECL performance in the presence of triethanolamine, and could be applied in real environmental samples analyses. Graphical Abstract Graphitic carbon nitride based electrochemiluminescence sensor for the sensitive monitor of lead(II) ions in real samples was constructed.

Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Pb(II) by NH2−SiO2/Ru(bpy)32+−UiO66 based Solid‐state ECL Sensor

“…Meanwhile, hydroxyl competed with TEA . to react with Ru(bpy) 3 2+ *, inhibiting the formation of excited‐state Ru(bpy) 3 2+ . Therefore, 7.5 was chosen as the optimal pH as it produced the strongest ECL emission.…”

Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Highly Electroactive Nanomaterial for Environmental and Clinical Sensing

“…Furthermore, Zhang et al fabricated an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor to monitor Pb 2+ in environmental samples by decorating graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) quantum dots (QDs) on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using target-dependent DNAzyme as the recognition unit [ 24 ]. A one-pot in situ reduction approach was used to decorate Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGO-Fe 3 O 4 ) as carriers for target-dependent DNAzyme [ 24 ]. The magnetic nanocomposite was immobilized on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass to detect Pb 2+ [ 24 ].…”

“…A one-pot in situ reduction approach was used to decorate Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGO-Fe 3 O 4 ) as carriers for target-dependent DNAzyme [ 24 ]. The magnetic nanocomposite was immobilized on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass to detect Pb 2+ [ 24 ]. The sensor’s high selectivity and good selectivity were attributed to the exceptional separation and enrichment properties of the nanocomposite (rGO-Fe 3 O 4 ) and the wire-like conductivity of the graphitic carbon nitride.…”

“…Notably, a one-step synthesis route was used in the preparation of this ternary nanocomposite. This study demonstrated the potential of using rGO for the sensing of heavy metals [ 24 ]. The advantages of using electrochemiluminescence (ECL) techniques include high sensitivity, low background signal, impressive time/spatial controllability, wide dynamic range, and a simplified optical setup [ 25 ].…”

Graphitic-phase carbon nitride-based electrochemiluminescence sensing analyses: recent advances and perspectives

“…Thus, the improvement of emission efficiency signicantly enhances the detection sensitivity in the eld of ECL sensors, especially in g-C 3 N 4 -based ECL assays. [59][60][61][62] The coreactant ECL emission mechanism can be divided into "reductive-oxidation" (R-O) ECL and "oxidative-reduction" ECL (O-R) according to the involved oxidation or reduction pathway on modied electrode surface.…”