Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a two-dimensional conjugated polymer that has attracted the interest of researchers and industrial communities owing to its outstanding analytical merits such as low-cost synthesis, high stability, unique electronic properties, catalytic ability, high quantum yield, nontoxicity, metal-free, low bandgap energy, and electron-rich properties. Notably, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is the most stable allotrope of carbon nitrides. It has been explored in various analytical fields due to its excellent biocompatibility properties, including ease of surface functionalization and hydrogen-bonding. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) acts as a nanomediator and serves as an immobilization layer to detect various biomolecules. Numerous reports have been presented in the literature on applying graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for the construction of electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Different electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, electrochemiluminescence, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, and amperometry techniques have been extensively used for the detection of biologic molecules and heavy metals, with high sensitivity and good selectivity. For this reason, the leading drive of this review is to stress the importance of employing graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors and biosensors.

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ABSTRACT. A new series of ethyl 2-(4-substitutedbenzylidene)-5-(3'-(ethoxycarbonyl)biphenyl-4-yl)-7-methyl-3-oxo-3,5-dihydro-2H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate derivatives (8a-j) were synthesized. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1 H NMR, 13C NMR, LCMS mass and C, H, N analyses. All newly synthesized compounds were screened for their In vitro antioxidant activity (Scavenging of hydrogen peroxide, Scavenging of nitric oxide radical, and Lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity), antibacterial (Escheria coli, Pseudonmonas aeruginosa (gram-negative bacteria), Bacillus subtillis, Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive bacteria)) and antifungal (Candida albicans Aspergillus niger) studies.

The adoption of green technology is very important to protect the environment and thus there is a need for improving the existing methods for the fabrication of carbon materials. As such, this work proposes to discuss, interrogate, and propose viable hydrothermal, solvothermal, and other advanced carbon materials synthesis methods. The synthesis approaches for advanced carbon materials to be interrogated will include the synthesis of carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, nitrogen/titania-doped carbons, graphene quantum dots, and their nanocomposites with solid/polymeric/metal oxide supports. This will be performed with a particular focus on microwave-assisted solvothermal and hydrothermal synthesis due to their favourable properties such as rapidity, low cost, and being green/environmentally friendly. These methods are regarded as important for the current and future synthesis and modification of advanced carbon materials for application in energy, gas separation, sensing, and water treatment. Simultaneously, the work will take cognisance of methods reducing the fabrication costs and environmental impact while enhancing the properties as a direct result of the synthesis methods. As a direct result, the expectation is to impart a significant contribution to the scientific body of work regarding the improvement of the said fabrication methods.

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Mesoporous 20 wt% Mn/TiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized adopting modified sol-gel method at different pH (pH = 2, 7 and 11) conditions and calcined at 400 °C. Based on the characteristics of the 20 wt% Mn/TiO2 nanocomposites synthesized at pH 11, same procedure was adopted for the synthesis of different wt% Mn/TiO2. The nanocomposite samples and their surface properties were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), mapping, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and fluorescence spectrometry. The nanocomposites existed in the anatase phase of TiO2 with no peak assigned to Mn on the diffractogram. The photocatalytic activities of the materials were evaluated by monitoring degradation of a model dye (methylene blue (MB)) in presence of visible light and ozone. The nanocomposite synthesized under neutral condition (pH = 7) exhibited the best photocatalytic activity resulting from its relatively smaller crystal size (5.98 nm) and larger pore volume (0.30 cm(3)/g). One percentage of weight Mn/TiO2 showed 100% decolouration of MB in the presence of O3 after 100 min.