“…The presence of metal oxide (Co-O) is demonstrated by the peak at 529.07 eV, whereas the presence of oxygen ions in nanoparticles and adsorbed water is shown by the peaks at 530.24 eV and 531.21 eV, respectively [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Figure 2 d additionally displays the carbon deconvolution spectra, which have three separate peak locations at 287.53 eV, 285.51 eV, and 284.10 eV, representing carbon bonds in C=O, C-N, and C-C, respectively [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Figure 2 e depicts the deconvolution spectra of the N 1s spectra, with two peaks at 399.85 eV and 398.04 eV corresponding to the C-C and C=C-N bonds, respectively.…”