Electrochemical study of the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in fracturing fluid

On the ‘centre of gravity’ method for measuring the composition of magnetite/maghemite mixtures, or the stoichiometry of magnetite-maghemite solid solutions, via57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy

“…A case in point is shown in figure 9, where the centre of gravity method has been used to assess the purity of purchased samples of magnetite and maghemite powders purchased from two reputable multinational suppliers 12 . In both cases the supplied maghemite samples were indeed maghemite, but also in both cases, the supplied magnetite samples were not the 95-97% purity that the manufacturers claimed, but much less than that, viz.…”

“…These phases play a significant role in geomagnetism and palaeomagnetism [3][4][5][6], and are also important markers in archaeomagnetism, largely due to their presence in clays and clay products such as pottery [7][8][9]. Maghemite is an oxidation product of magnetite, and as such the interplay and balance between the two phases is often informative, both in centuries-old samples [10] and in more contemporary materials, such as the corrosion products of carbon steels [11][12][13].…”

Effect of CO2 Partial Pressure on the Corrosion Inhibition of N80 Carbon Steel by Gum Arabic in a CO2-Water Saline Environment for Shale Oil and Gas Industry

“…In the HF process, the fluid usually injected into the wellbore is a neutral water-based chloride solution (up to 4% of potassium chloride) with different additives (i.e., inhibitors of scaling, thickening agents, corrosion inhibitors, etc.) [ 8 ]. The literature reports that the presence of a high concentration of chloride ions in a CO 2 -containing fluid can exponentially accelerate the dissolution of the steel [ 6 , 9 ].…”

“…Carbon and low-alloys steel are often used in the construction of the pipeline in the shale oil and gas industry infrastructures, mainly due to its durability, ductility, high strength, and low cost [ 7 , 8 , 10 ]. However, due to these harsh operating conditions encountered during the exploitation of these natural resources, the steel is prone to corrode.…”

Study on Inhibition of N80 Carbon Steel in 0.5M KCl Solution Saturated with CO2 by Gum Arabic

“…One of the most-frequent and aggressive environments found in the oil and gas industry are fluids with high concentrations of chlorides containing carbon dioxide [9,10]. It is well-known that the presence of chloride ions leads to an autocatalytic process dissolution of the metal owing to the breakdown of the oxide layers on the metal surface by localized corrosion spots [11][12][13]. Moreover, the literature reports that the corrosion rate in chloride water is enhanced by a factor of around 16 by the presence of CO 2 [14].…”