Electrochemical Sensing of Arsenic Ions Using a Covalently Functionalized Benzotriazole‐Reduced Graphene Oxide‐Modified Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrode

Abstract

Herein, Tecoma stans (TS) flower extract was used as an efficient green reducing agent for graphene oxide (GO) to produce reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for the first time. The organic heterocyclic benzotriazole (BTA) was incorporated onto the rGO surface through a nucleophilic substitution reaction to produce covalently bonded BTA-rGO. The prepared materials were analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopy, powder Xray diffraction measurements (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). A screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was modified with BTA-rGO. The fabricated electrode was electrochemically analyzed by using K 3 [Fe (CN) 6 ] as a redox probe. To evaluate the sensing ability of BTA-rGO/SPCE electrode towards arsenic ions using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and amperometry techniques. The BTA functional was play the major role in significant improving the conductivity and sensitivity of the designed electrode. The BTA-rGO/SPCE modified electrode demonstrates voltammetric determination of As 3 + ions with a limit of detection, high sensitivity, and linear range values of 2.89 nM, 1.8 μA nM À 1 , and 2-40 nM, respectively. Furthermore, all of these impressive results indicate that BTA-rGO can be used as an electrodematerial with capability for electrochemical arsenic sensors. The fabricated sensors showed repeatability and reproducibility in this study.

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“…[1] Arsenic groundwater contamination has been reported in over 70 countries. [2] There are various reports on arsenic detection, which comprise optical sensors, [3][4][5] electrochemical sensors, [6][7][8] Plasmonic sensors, [9,10] calorimetric sensors, etc. [11,12] Though different assays have achieved satisfying detection capabilities and selectivity, these techniques require labelling, multiple washing, and characterization steps.…”

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“…They have achieved a sensitivity of 1.366 μA ppb –1 cm –2 with a low limit of detection of 0.30 ppb (S/N = 3) in a concentration range of 1.0–260 ppb, while Ping’s team 11 developed an Fe-MOF/MXene-based ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for As(III) measurement by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, with a sensitivity of 8.94 μA(ng L –1 ) −1 cm –2 and a limit of detection as 0.58 ng L –1 . Furthermore, Gunasekaran et al 12 developed electrochemical sensing of arsenic ions using a covalently functionalized benzotriazole-reduced graphene oxide-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Moreover, their inaptness to constantly monitor a plethora of samples entails the need for an effective sensing system to subjugate the burgeoning enigma.…”