Electrochemical performance of lithium ion battery, nano-silicon-based, disordered carbon composite anodes with different microstructures

Zhang, Xiangwu; Patil, Prashanth K; Wang, Chunsheng; Appleby, A.J.; Little, Frank E.; Cocke, David L.

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.07.019

Cited by 163 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The total CVD time was 5Ϫ60 min. The amount of a-Si deposition can be controlled by varying the CVD time, the partial pressure of SiH 4 , and the flow rate. The weights of the CNT films or CNT-SiNP films before and after annealing and after a-Si deposition were accurately measured using a microbalance (Sartarious SE2, 0.1 g resolution).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light-Weight Free-Standing Carbon Nanotube-Silicon Films for Anodes of Lithium Ion Batteries

et al. 2010

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These authors contributed equally to this work. Because of their high energy and power density, lithium ion batteries that were mainly used for portable electronics are now extending to large applications such as power tools and vehicle electrification. Extensive research has been carried out to find new electrode materials and new electrode structure designs to improve energy densities for both anode and cathode. Silicon as an anode material has attracted extensive research because it has the highest known capacity, more than 10 times the value of the current commercial graphite anode. However, the intrinsic volume expansion and contraction of Si during Li cycling cause rapid capacity fading and limit its wide application. Various approaches have been carried out to overcome this issue, including the use of nanosized active materials, 1Ϫ6 active/inactive composite materials, 7Ϫ9 and siliconϪcarbon composites.9Ϫ14 These studies have resulted in improvements of the electrochemical performance of Si-based anodes, but only to a limited extent. Recently we found silicon nanowires directly grown on a current collector can greatly improve the performance of the Si anode due to the excellent electrical connection between Si nanowires and the current collector and the nature of one-dimensionality to effectively release the strain. 15,16 Cho and coworkers also demonstrated great anode performance using carbon-coated, very small (Յ10 nm) silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) or silicon nanotubes. 17,18 However, in these nanosilicon electrodes, the heavy current collector is larger in weight than Si active material. In a commercial lithium ion cell, the anode material is usually coated on a copper foil current collector to form an anode electrode in thin sheet form. The metal current collector on the anode side is usually a 10 m thick copper sheet with an areal density ϳ10 mg/cm 2 . This copper sheet is a relatively heavy component in a lithium ion cell, which is comparable in weight to the anode active material and accounts for ϳ10% of the total weight of the cell. 19Random networks of carbon nanotube (CNT) have been explored as transparent electrodes in various devices including solar cells, organic light emitting diodes, and smart windows, where CNT networks show optical transmittances of ϳ80% and sheet resistances of 100Ϫ1000 Ohm/sq. 20Ϫ25 Recently, we reported the replacement of the conventional metal current collector with lightweight, CNT-enabled conductive paper, which can significantly reduce the weight of Li-ion batteries.19,26 Inks of CNT

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light-Weight Free-Standing Carbon Nanotube-Silicon Films for Anodes of Lithium Ion Batteries

et al. 2010

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“…When bulk Si is fully lithiated to Li15Si4 it undergoes a volume expansion of ~280-300% and has a maximum theoretical volumetric capacity of 2190 mAh cm -3 . Unfortunately, Si electrodes pulverize due to this large expansion and contraction upon Li insertion and extraction and this causes the electrode material to lose contact with the current collector, resulting in a decrease in charge storage capacity over time [13,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of carrier density and doping type on lithium insertion and extraction processes at silicon surfaces

McSweeney

Lotty

Glynn

et al. 2014

Electrochimica Acta

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“…However, this high capacity is associated with large volume changes (of up to 300%) 1,2 , resulting in fracture, capacity loss [3][4][5][6][7] and cell design issues. Recently, various nano/micro-sized Si powders 3,[8][9][10][11][12] , nano-Si composites 8,[13][14][15][16] and Si nanowire (SiNW)-based LIBs have been reported 9,[17][18][19] , which can help accommodate the volume expansion. An alternative practical strategy involves the use of Si/graphite composite structures that couple the good capacity and cyclability of graphite with a small fraction of the Si capacity (of an all-Si electrode) to provide modest but still significant increases in capacity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Revealing lithium–silicide phase transformations in nano-structured silicon-based lithium ion batteries via in situ NMR spectroscopy

et al. 2014

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Nano-structured silicon anodes are attractive alternatives to graphitic carbons in rechargeable Li-ion batteries, owing to their extremely high capacities. Despite their advantages, numerous issues remain to be addressed, the most basic being to understand the complex kinetics and thermodynamics that control the reactions and structural rearrangements. Elucidating this necessitates real-time in situ metrologies, which are highly challenging, if the whole electrode structure is studied at an atomistic level for multiple cycles under realistic cycling conditions. Here we report that Si nanowires grown on a conducting carbon-fibre support provide a robust model battery system that can be studied by 7 Li in situ NMR spectroscopy. The method allows the (de)alloying reactions of the amorphous silicides to be followed in the 2nd cycle and beyond. In combination with density-functional theory calculations, the results provide insight into the amorphous and amorphous-to-crystalline lithium-silicide transformations, particularly those at low voltages, which are highly relevant to practical cycling strategies.

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Electrochemical performance of lithium ion battery, nano-silicon-based, disordered carbon composite anodes with different microstructures

Cited by 163 publications

References 15 publications

Light-Weight Free-Standing Carbon Nanotube-Silicon Films for Anodes of Lithium Ion Batteries

Light-Weight Free-Standing Carbon Nanotube-Silicon Films for Anodes of Lithium Ion Batteries

The influence of carrier density and doping type on lithium insertion and extraction processes at silicon surfaces

Revealing lithium–silicide phase transformations in nano-structured silicon-based lithium ion batteries via in situ NMR spectroscopy

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