Electrochemical Paper-Based Biosensor Devices for Rapid Detection of Biomarkers

Abstract

In healthcare, new diagnostic tools that help in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of diseases rapidly and accurately are in high demand. For in-situ measurement of disease or infection biomarkers, point-of-care devices provide a dramatic speed advantage over conventional techniques, thus aiding clinicians in decision-making. During the last decade, paper-based analytical devices, combining paper substrates and electrochemical detection components, have emerged as important point-of-need diagnostic tools. This review highlights significant works on this topic over the last five years, from 2015 to 2019. The most relevant articles published in 2018 and 2019 are examined in detail, focusing on device fabrication techniques and materials applied to the production of paper fluidic and electrochemical cell architectures as well as on the final device assembly. Two main approaches were identified, that are, on one hand, those ones where the fabrication of the electrochemical cell is done on the paper substrate, where the fluidic structures are also defined, and, on the other hand, the fabrication of those ones where the electrochemical cell and liquid-driving paper component are defined on different substrates and then heterogeneously assembled. The main limitations of the current technologies are outlined and an outlook on the current technology status and future prospects is given.

Cytokine and Cancer Biomarkers Detection: The Dawn of Electrochemical Paper-Based Biosensor

“…Apart from NMNPs, non-NMNPs such as carbon nanotubes and graphene have also been reported as alternatives for surface modification of electrodes for improved detection [71][72][73][74][75]. For instance, an amplified signal was recorded when graphene oxide nanoflakes and zeolite nanocrystals were introduced onto the electrode surface of a paper sensor due to high electron transfer kinetics and larger surface area of the nanocomposites [76].…”

Printed Electrodes in Microfluidic Arrays for Cancer Biomarker Protein Detection

“…Microfluidic electrochemical immunosensing was pioneered by Heineman in the early 2000s [ 148 , 149 ], and paper microfluidic devices (μPADs) were first reported by Whiteside’s group to improve the ease of operation and ability to work without external pumps [ 150 ]. SPEs on the surface of the paper were explored by several groups [ 151 ]. Fan et al fabricated a SPE on the surface of paper modified with graphene oxide/thionine/gold nanoparticles (rGo/Thi/AuNPs) for detection of CA 125 [ 152 ].…”

A New Paper-Based Microfluidic Device for Improved Detection of Nitrate in Water

“…Paper-based microfluidic technology has seen a great deal of advancements over the past several years due to the growing interest in the many advantages they provide, most notably, their low cost, portability, deployability, ease of use, and disposability. Most recent advancements in paper-based technology were for water analysis [ 1 , 2 , 3 ], biomedical applications [ 4 , 5 , 6 ], food safety analysis [ 7 , 8 ], soil analysis [ 9 ], and in many other applications [ 10 ]. Although paper has been used for biological and chemical applications for over a century with the simple use of litmus paper, paper chromatography, and dried blood cells [ 11 , 12 ], only recently have more complex systems (lab-on-paper) been developed and achieved on paper-based devices.…”